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Difference between revisions of "Joachim Meyer"

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<p>The Failer is a good technique against the fencers who will gladly displace like in the previous ''Stück'' concerning the Thwart, then when you cut to an opening and note that he wishes to parry after, then allow your cut to fail and go by, and cut diagonal to another opening, Double failing is an artful technique and requires an experienced fighter as well, however I will present and describe here to you several double and single techniques from which you can learn many kinds of Failers.</p>
 
<p>The Failer is a good technique against the fencers who will gladly displace like in the previous ''Stück'' concerning the Thwart, then when you cut to an opening and note that he wishes to parry after, then allow your cut to fail and go by, and cut diagonal to another opening, Double failing is an artful technique and requires an experienced fighter as well, however I will present and describe here to you several double and single techniques from which you can learn many kinds of Failers.</p>
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| <p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'' send yourself into the Wrath Guard to the right, as soon as he brings his sword in the air, then cut from your right with the long edge to his right side, by going over your head and with outstretched arms, but fail and drive the Thwart to his left, do not allow that to connect but rather go around the head again and cut with the long edge so that you swing in with the Flat to his right ear, now reverse, snap around and allow it to fly.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'' send yourself into the Wrath Guard to the right, as soon as he brings his sword in the air, then cut from your right with the long edge to his right side, by going over your head and with outstretched arms, but fail and drive the Thwart to his left, do not allow that to connect but rather go around the head again and cut with the long edge so that you swing in with the Flat to his right ear, now reverse, snap around and allow it to fly.</p>
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| <p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'' cut a long High Cut to his upper left opening when you in the ''Zufechten'', cut a long High Cut at his upper left opening, when you have almost connected with his blade above in the air with the cut, then change this High Cut into a Thwart, and strike him with the Thwart from below at his left ear or arm, that goes to both sides.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'' cut a long High Cut to his upper left opening when you in the ''Zufechten'', cut a long High Cut at his upper left opening, when you have almost connected with his blade above in the air with the cut, then change this High Cut into a Thwart, and strike him with the Thwart from below at his left ear or arm, that goes to both sides.</p>
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<p>In the ''Zufechten'' deliver a lofty High Cut and when your blade almost connects with his blade, at once change the High Cut into a Thwart and at the same time as the Thwart step through to the side with your right foot, between you and him to his right side, at once allow your sword to snap around again and strike him with the short edge to his right ear so that your hands are crosswise, or cut after with the long edge and spring well out to his right side with this strike.</p>
 
<p>In the ''Zufechten'' deliver a lofty High Cut and when your blade almost connects with his blade, at once change the High Cut into a Thwart and at the same time as the Thwart step through to the side with your right foot, between you and him to his right side, at once allow your sword to snap around again and strike him with the short edge to his right ear so that your hands are crosswise, or cut after with the long edge and spring well out to his right side with this strike.</p>
 
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<p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'', before you correctly come to him, thus cut through besides your right, so that your weapon shoots over in plunging, step on your way, with the right foot to him, let your sword drive around the head and pull a high strike from the Roof while in the air, but cross your hands, threaten to cut with the short edge, if he whisks this from him and will set on, thus wind you hand around again and convert your Crooked edge into a thwart, let the thwart also not proceed, but rather fail and run past, then strike the other, to his right side, that is double failing, these two Failers will be accomplished in the air when you wind around his blade, yet you can terminate this therein when you will, to the displacing or in a winding, thus when he would reach to you, that you with your ''Stück'' would not like to come to him, but when you have deceived him, that he feels he must displace you, thus is the Double Failer very good and goes very quickly.</p>
 
<p>'''Item''' In the ''Zufechten'', before you correctly come to him, thus cut through besides your right, so that your weapon shoots over in plunging, step on your way, with the right foot to him, let your sword drive around the head and pull a high strike from the Roof while in the air, but cross your hands, threaten to cut with the short edge, if he whisks this from him and will set on, thus wind you hand around again and convert your Crooked edge into a thwart, let the thwart also not proceed, but rather fail and run past, then strike the other, to his right side, that is double failing, these two Failers will be accomplished in the air when you wind around his blade, yet you can terminate this therein when you will, to the displacing or in a winding, thus when he would reach to you, that you with your ''Stück'' would not like to come to him, but when you have deceived him, that he feels he must displace you, thus is the Double Failer very good and goes very quickly.</p>
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| <p>'''Item''' This is also called the Double Failer when you let it double or twice run off, to deceive him.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' This is also called the Double Failer when you let it double or twice run off, to deceive him.</p>
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<p>In the ''Zufechten'' bring a high strike from your right and in the air, before it connects, thus wind the short edge against him, as if you would cut the Squinting Cut, but don’t let the short edge connect either, but rather quickly fail and run off, and swing in to him with your weak, to his right ear with crossed arms, let it quickly fly around again, and fall on him with the slice to the next opening, or on his sword, from there to the body and on the arm.</p>
 
<p>In the ''Zufechten'' bring a high strike from your right and in the air, before it connects, thus wind the short edge against him, as if you would cut the Squinting Cut, but don’t let the short edge connect either, but rather quickly fail and run off, and swing in to him with your weak, to his right ear with crossed arms, let it quickly fly around again, and fall on him with the slice to the next opening, or on his sword, from there to the body and on the arm.</p>
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<p>Mark when you have bound with one from above, or, at the same time, cut in with him, thus see if he would with the Thwart strike around, [and] thus come before with the Thwart under his blade, on his neck.</p>
 
<p>Mark when you have bound with one from above, or, at the same time, cut in with him, thus see if he would with the Thwart strike around, [and] thus come before with the Thwart under his blade, on his neck.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 28v.jpg|4|lbl=28v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 29r.jpg|1|lbl=29r.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>Item, if he thwarts from under, so that you can't come from below thus catch his Thwart on your shield with diverting, so that your blade hangs over his.</p>
 
| <p>Item, if he thwarts from under, so that you can't come from below thus catch his Thwart on your shield with diverting, so that your blade hangs over his.</p>
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<p>If one cuts at you from his right, thus cut also from your right simultaneously, with the short edge and crossed hands, so that in this, the sword proceeds, thus step in with a double step with the right foot, quickly around to his left, and fall with your long edge on his arm, now set above, and if he drives upwards, and will not trouble you with the slice, thus follow after with an under slice on his arm, shove him from you how the figure nearby demonstrates, that is a proper and Old Cut and cuts down a Master with it.</p>
 
<p>If one cuts at you from his right, thus cut also from your right simultaneously, with the short edge and crossed hands, so that in this, the sword proceeds, thus step in with a double step with the right foot, quickly around to his left, and fall with your long edge on his arm, now set above, and if he drives upwards, and will not trouble you with the slice, thus follow after with an under slice on his arm, shove him from you how the figure nearby demonstrates, that is a proper and Old Cut and cuts down a Master with it.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 29r.jpg|3|lbl=29r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>'''Item''' when you have sliced one on the arm, you may also part him through the Mouth with the slice.
 
| <p>'''Item''' when you have sliced one on the arm, you may also part him through the Mouth with the slice.
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<p>Understand it thus: When you slice from the sword on to his arms, you shall at once reverse. If he then escapes you upward, then you shall pull or wind your pommel back out from under your arm; thus you reverse your sword back around. Slicing on the weapon is when the double reversing has failed you; then you shall chase after twice, and remain with the slice on his arms. If he defends this, then fall on his blade with the slice, and see that you hold him, do not let him come away without your advantage, but rather chase after always.</p>
 
<p>Understand it thus: When you slice from the sword on to his arms, you shall at once reverse. If he then escapes you upward, then you shall pull or wind your pommel back out from under your arm; thus you reverse your sword back around. Slicing on the weapon is when the double reversing has failed you; then you shall chase after twice, and remain with the slice on his arms. If he defends this, then fall on his blade with the slice, and see that you hold him, do not let him come away without your advantage, but rather chase after always.</p>
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<p>Do it thus: In the ''Zufechten'', when you approach him with your left foot forward and you hold your sword in the Roof Guard, if he cuts long from above at your head, then do not displace him, but rather see that you escape from him with your head and sword, so that he does not connect, but let him fail, in this he falls with his sword and cut to the ground, below you, then step quickly with the right foot close to him and cut in forcefully from above to his head before he recovers or comes up again, if he however drives up quickly and displaces, then remain hard on his sword and feel if he goes through strongly upwards, thus allow your sword quickly to be soft and go upwards, step and cut around with a thwart to his right.</p>
 
<p>Do it thus: In the ''Zufechten'', when you approach him with your left foot forward and you hold your sword in the Roof Guard, if he cuts long from above at your head, then do not displace him, but rather see that you escape from him with your head and sword, so that he does not connect, but let him fail, in this he falls with his sword and cut to the ground, below you, then step quickly with the right foot close to him and cut in forcefully from above to his head before he recovers or comes up again, if he however drives up quickly and displaces, then remain hard on his sword and feel if he goes through strongly upwards, thus allow your sword quickly to be soft and go upwards, step and cut around with a thwart to his right.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 30v.jpg|2|lbl=30v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 31r.jpg|1|lbl=31r.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>'''Item''' If one binds on to you from his right, thus pay attention when he strikes around, thus follow after him with the Slice on his arms to his right.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' If one binds on to you from his right, thus pay attention when he strikes around, thus follow after him with the Slice on his arms to his right.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 31r.jpg|2|lbl=31r.2}}
  
<p>'''Item''' If you stand in the guard of the Fool, and he falls on your sword with his own before you come up, then remain below on his sword, and heft upwards; feel meanwhile whether he in the displacing, intends to execute a cut or winding against you, if so, then do not let him come away from your sword, but pursue him, and work meanwhile to the nearest opening.</p>
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| <p>'''Item''' If you stand in the guard of the Fool, and he falls on your sword with his own before you come up, then remain below on his sword, and heft upwards; feel meanwhile whether he in the displacing, intends to execute a cut or winding against you, if so, then do not let him come away from your sword, but pursue him, and work meanwhile to the nearest opening.</p>
  
<p>Also note that chasing is when an opponent goes too high upward, and you chase him below either with cutting or slicing as he draws up for the stroke; likewise if he strays too wide to the side, and you chase his weapon to the opening from above.</p>
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<p>Also note that chasing is when an opponent goes too high upward, and you chase him below either with cutting or slicing as he draws up for the stroke.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r.1}}
  
<p>And in all chasing, if he escapes you, be sure to turn your long edge against his weapon; and take good heed of the slice, for with it you can force him out of all his work.</p>
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| <p>Likewise if he strays too wide to the side, and you chase his weapon to the opening from above. And in all chasing, if he escapes you, be sure to turn your long edge against his weapon; and take good heed of the slice, for with it you can force him out of all his work.</p>
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<p>That is, you should pay attention, when you are laying on against him with the slice, that you shall not allow him free, but rather once or twice follow after with the slice and with this hinder him in his work and intentions, then when he least expects it, thus you should artfully fly away to the nearest opening before he realizes it. This is a true master’s ''Stück''; and begin with it, that is:</p>
 
<p>That is, you should pay attention, when you are laying on against him with the slice, that you shall not allow him free, but rather once or twice follow after with the slice and with this hinder him in his work and intentions, then when he least expects it, thus you should artfully fly away to the nearest opening before he realizes it. This is a true master’s ''Stück''; and begin with it, that is:</p>
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<p>You must be well versed in the four openings, if you will fight certainly, then you fight with whatever ''Stücken'' and cuts, as good as they may be, if you do not know how to cut off with each one to every quarter, and to mutate the intended ''Stück'', by transforming it into other convenient work, from what he fights against you and how he meets your ''Stücken'', then it can happen that you will take forth with one ''Stück'' to a particular opening, and yet he sends himself against you such that you can have another closer opening, this opportunity will escape you, if you execute your intended ''Stücken'' without happening to notice other opportunities, therefore be diligent where you may at once fight by flying freely to the four openings. Because you have only three ways to cut and strike, that is with the long and short edge, and with the flat, from which together, all fencing is composed of, and targeting to the four divisions of the opponent; from which are given all other fortuitous techniques, like pulling, doubling, running off. Thus take note of the following divisions and cuts, that you correctly make your cuts opposite and crosswise to each other.</p>
 
<p>You must be well versed in the four openings, if you will fight certainly, then you fight with whatever ''Stücken'' and cuts, as good as they may be, if you do not know how to cut off with each one to every quarter, and to mutate the intended ''Stück'', by transforming it into other convenient work, from what he fights against you and how he meets your ''Stücken'', then it can happen that you will take forth with one ''Stück'' to a particular opening, and yet he sends himself against you such that you can have another closer opening, this opportunity will escape you, if you execute your intended ''Stücken'' without happening to notice other opportunities, therefore be diligent where you may at once fight by flying freely to the four openings. Because you have only three ways to cut and strike, that is with the long and short edge, and with the flat, from which together, all fencing is composed of, and targeting to the four divisions of the opponent; from which are given all other fortuitous techniques, like pulling, doubling, running off. Thus take note of the following divisions and cuts, that you correctly make your cuts opposite and crosswise to each other.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 32v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2|p=1}} {{paget|Page:MS A.4º.2|33r|jpg|p=1}}
  
 
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS A.4º.2 34r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS A.4º.2 34r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| <p>In the onset cut with your long edge to his left ear, as soon as this clashes or connects, pull around your head and cut the next also with the long edge, to his lower right opening, then third, to his lower left opening the fourth to his upper right opening, these 4 cuts should go quickly from one into another, And all strikes should be well to the body, also you should do these cuts with the short edge, to the four openings of the man.</p>
 
| <p>In the onset cut with your long edge to his left ear, as soon as this clashes or connects, pull around your head and cut the next also with the long edge, to his lower right opening, then third, to his lower left opening the fourth to his upper right opening, these 4 cuts should go quickly from one into another, And all strikes should be well to the body, also you should do these cuts with the short edge, to the four openings of the man.</p>
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| <p>'''Item''', thus also with the Flat, note that you cut with close hand to his left and to the right, inside with your hand this is from under or above, you may change through or reverse on him, to your own opportunity, then you cut the first from under to his right, the second to the upper left, the third to his upper right and the fourth to his lower left, when you cut these four strikes together into one another, you can in the very beginning or onset, deftly change off and pull them how it pleases you.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 33v.jpg|2|lbl=33v.2}}
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| <p>Similarly when you come with the thwart strike against one another over-handed, it is with the long, short or flat.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 34v.jpg|1|lbl=34v.1}}
  
 
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| <p>'''Item''', thus also with the Flat, note that you cut with close hand to his left and to the right, inside with your hand this is from under or above, you may change through or reverse on him, to your own opportunity, then you cut the first from under to his right, the second to the upper left, the third to his upper right and the fourth to his lower left, when you cut these four strikes together into one another, you can in the very beginning or onset, deftly change off and pull them how it pleases you.</p>
 
 
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| <p>When you do these four cuts and have learned to strike also to the four openings, thus learn also pulling, threatening, failing and then know the same from these following writings; step and cut to his upper left opening, but do not let this hit, rather when you come merely on his sword with this strike, then pull off again to a flight, and strike him to his lower right opening.</p>
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| <p>Similarly when you come with the thwart strike against one another over-handed, it is with the long, short or flat. When you do these four cuts and have learned to strike also to the four openings, thus learn also pulling, threatening, failing and then know the same from these following writings; step and cut to his upper left opening, but do not let this hit, rather when you come merely on his sword with this strike, then pull off again to a flight, and strike him to his lower right opening and cut or strike still to him the first confidently to his upper openings to the left, thus you may pull and fail with them to all 4 openings Crosswise and athwart above, also your benefit is to learn the Circle Cut, this is a High and Low Cut together on one side, short and long and with the flat from such is known in the first assault, cut a long High Cut to his left ear, and when this clashes thus pull both cuts upwards so that your pommel comes through under your right, and cut with the long edge from under to his left. Step ''Indes'' with your left foot behind yours and come with the hilt high above your head. And still again then cut the first a Low Cut with the Long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
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| <p>And cut or strike still to him the first confidently to his upper openings to the left, thus you may pull and fail with them to all 4 openings Crosswise and athwart above, also your benefit is to learn the Circle Cut, this is a High and Low Cut together on one side, short and long and with the flat from such is known in the first assault, cut a long High Cut to his left ear, and when this clashes thus pull both cuts upwards so that your pommel comes through under your right, and cut with the long edge from under to his left. Step ''Indes'' with your left foot behind yours and come with the hilt high above your head.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 34v.jpg|3|lbl=34v.3}}
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| <p>And still again then cut the first a Low Cut with the Long edge to his lower opening with a step to of your right foot, quickly pull upwards besides your right and cut the other from above to his left, with a back-step of your left foot behind your right, so that you stand covered behind your blade.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 35r.jpg|1|lbl=35r.1}}
  
 
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| <p>'''Stück'''
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| <p>'''Stück'''</p>
  
 
<p>Item, Pull from your right a high strike to his left, but in the air, cross your hands and strike with the half edge to his left ear, Pull your hands again upwards, and strike with a Thwarter again from below to his left ear, thus also still again cut the Thwart from below to his left, with a step to Quickly pull upwards besides your right and thrust rapidly your pommel through under your right arm, and wind then with crossed hands again from your upper right in to his left, for this known strike, is also with the Flat from below and above together on one side, that goes for both sides and mark when you strike to the lower right opening, this is long or short, thus your cut comes crosswise and opposite but to the upper openings you come not crosswise, but like in the Old Squinting Cut, thus step to him and shoot before through and strike with the half edge from you left to his right, not crossed, but over you right hand, pull nimbly again above you towards your left and cross your hands in the air, strike him with crossed hands to his lower openings from your left, in this, show that your head is well behind your blade, some twice or three times to his right thus you come also with the flat and long edge from under and above besides his right to his strikes, how it is taught, like when you connect above but quickly cut Low.</p>
 
<p>Item, Pull from your right a high strike to his left, but in the air, cross your hands and strike with the half edge to his left ear, Pull your hands again upwards, and strike with a Thwarter again from below to his left ear, thus also still again cut the Thwart from below to his left, with a step to Quickly pull upwards besides your right and thrust rapidly your pommel through under your right arm, and wind then with crossed hands again from your upper right in to his left, for this known strike, is also with the Flat from below and above together on one side, that goes for both sides and mark when you strike to the lower right opening, this is long or short, thus your cut comes crosswise and opposite but to the upper openings you come not crosswise, but like in the Old Squinting Cut, thus step to him and shoot before through and strike with the half edge from you left to his right, not crossed, but over you right hand, pull nimbly again above you towards your left and cross your hands in the air, strike him with crossed hands to his lower openings from your left, in this, show that your head is well behind your blade, some twice or three times to his right thus you come also with the flat and long edge from under and above besides his right to his strikes, how it is taught, like when you connect above but quickly cut Low.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 35r.jpg|2|lbl=35r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 35v.jpg|1|lbl=35v.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>'''Item''' threaten to him from above with a Quick strike, or cut in at him from above, and if he slips after, then pull up the cut and drive with your Low Cut to the same side, from this work arises the winding on the sword, namely when you have bound on his sword from your right to his left, then remain hard on his blade, thrust through with the pommel under your right arm through remain thus in advance on his sword and jerk your pommel again for the purpose of winding him again outside to his head, thus you find also three kinds, namely winding outwards and inwards short edge to both sides and you should know that I have not put them here for just any particular reason.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' threaten to him from above with a Quick strike, or cut in at him from above, and if he slips after, then pull up the cut and drive with your Low Cut to the same side, from this work arises the winding on the sword, namely when you have bound on his sword from your right to his left, then remain hard on his blade, thrust through with the pommel under your right arm through remain thus in advance on his sword and jerk your pommel again for the purpose of winding him again outside to his head, thus you find also three kinds, namely winding outwards and inwards short edge to both sides and you should know that I have not put them here for just any particular reason.</p>
 
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| <p>Also execute slicing off and slinging,<br/>Send away the hard dangers with the slice.</p>
+
| <p>'''Also execute slicing off and slinging,<br/>Send away the hard dangers with the slice.'''</p>
  
 
<p>When you thus allow your ''Stücken'' to run to all four openings, how you are taught here with this same, then also pay attention to his course, that is to his ''Stücken'', so that you are strong on him and slice off against him according to opportunity; thus hinder and slice off his ''Stücken'', until you see opportunity for other work. The danger is the strikes from both sides; will you displace by slicing them off, then see that you overlook no opportunity, and also do not slice too wide from his body, so that he does not go through against you.</p>
 
<p>When you thus allow your ''Stücken'' to run to all four openings, how you are taught here with this same, then also pay attention to his course, that is to his ''Stücken'', so that you are strong on him and slice off against him according to opportunity; thus hinder and slice off his ''Stücken'', until you see opportunity for other work. The danger is the strikes from both sides; will you displace by slicing them off, then see that you overlook no opportunity, and also do not slice too wide from his body, so that he does not go through against you.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
+
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 36v.jpg|2|lbl=36v.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 37r.jpg|1|lbl=37r.1|p=1}}
|-
 
|  
 
| <p>Of the Slinging take heed as soon as he makes one of his sides open, thus rush in from under with the flat to his ear, cut nimbly again low to the opening or let it shoot up above and drive under his blade.</p>
 
|
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 1,220: Line 1,241:
 
<p>Note when you displace with the horizontal crossguard, high up over your head, that is called the Crown. When you see that an opponent will run under your High Cut with the Crown, then do not let your High Cut actually connect, but rather pull the cut from him, that he drives out in vain, and cut with the long edge a Middle Cut athwart to his arm or wrist, this same thing thus you mark that when one who will gladly drive out and displace high, thus conduct yourself with comportment like you would cut high, do not complete this, but rather strike nimbly around to the lower openings with the Thwart, using flat or long edge or behind his arms to the ears you have it known.</p>
 
<p>Note when you displace with the horizontal crossguard, high up over your head, that is called the Crown. When you see that an opponent will run under your High Cut with the Crown, then do not let your High Cut actually connect, but rather pull the cut from him, that he drives out in vain, and cut with the long edge a Middle Cut athwart to his arm or wrist, this same thing thus you mark that when one who will gladly drive out and displace high, thus conduct yourself with comportment like you would cut high, do not complete this, but rather strike nimbly around to the lower openings with the Thwart, using flat or long edge or behind his arms to the ears you have it known.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 +
{{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 37r.jpg|2|lbl=37r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 37v.jpg|1|lbl=37v.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <p>The Crown Strike is done thus; If one cuts at you from above, thus strike with the flat likewise and together with him to his left ear, so that your long edge connects in on his blade, and your corner on your short edge travels, thus strike your cross athwart, and hold your hand high above the head nearly like with the Squinting Cut and allow this nimbly to snap around again to the lower openings.</p>
 
| <p>The Crown Strike is done thus; If one cuts at you from above, thus strike with the flat likewise and together with him to his left ear, so that your long edge connects in on his blade, and your corner on your short edge travels, thus strike your cross athwart, and hold your hand high above the head nearly like with the Squinting Cut and allow this nimbly to snap around again to the lower openings.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 37v.jpg|2|lbl=37v.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Of the Slinging take heed as soon as he makes one of his sides open, thus rush in from under with the flat to his ear, cut nimbly again low to the opening or let it shoot up above and drive under his blade.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 38v.jpg|1|lbl=38v.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p>Item Have diligence when you attack that you will sling to the High Cut or Thwart strike, where he lets you shoot, see that you don't sling it, but rather fall off again.</p>
 
| <p>Item Have diligence when you attack that you will sling to the High Cut or Thwart strike, where he lets you shoot, see that you don't sling it, but rather fall off again.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 38v.jpg|2|lbl=38v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 1,235: Line 1,262:
  
 
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Thwart or Long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Thwart or in Hanging point.</p>
 
<p>Stand with the left foot forwards and strike him from your right through his face, that the half edge goes forth once to four times nimbly one after another, thus you drive on to him, then attack to him from under and whether it is with Thwart or Long edge, mark when you thus have slashed up to him, thus take heed when he strikes at you from above and from his right side, then wind him by slashing out your long edge against his blade so that it stays somewhat athwart, your point upwards and to his left. step at once with the left foot to his left and thrust the pommel instantly under your arm, cut in with the short edge with skidding behind his blade to his head step likewise with your right foot after and around his left and jerk the pommel again therefore, so that you stand with the sword in the Thwart or in Hanging point.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 38v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p>'''Item''' When one cuts a High Cut to you from his right, thus capture him in the air with an opposing cut, striking out, from your right, with the long edge in that when it connects, thus strike around with the Thwart to his left Ear, this goes also to both sides. Mark when you thus have laid on in the long-point, then you have the setting off to the 4 windings, which goes to all sides, namely if he cuts from above, thus strike from under on his sword, and if he remains bound hard search instantly with winding flicking, Mark also instantly and feel when he will go away thus at once when he goes away around to strike, thus flick at him from above over his arm with wound blade, that the long edge smartly stays against his blade, cut nimbly around with the flat against the upper quadrants to the next opening, if its seen that as soon as you again are on his blade, he cuts at you from above, thus bar him from above it is with setting off or setting on, thus as often as it clashes so you are nimbly attentive to the next opening.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' When one cuts a High Cut to you from his right, thus capture him in the air with an opposing cut, striking out, from your right, with the long edge in that when it connects, thus strike around with the Thwart to his left Ear, this goes also to both sides. Mark when you thus have laid on in the long-point, then you have the setting off to the 4 windings, which goes to all sides, namely if he cuts from above, thus strike from under on his sword, and if he remains bound hard search instantly with winding flicking, Mark also instantly and feel when he will go away thus at once when he goes away around to strike, thus flick at him from above over his arm with wound blade, that the long edge smartly stays against his blade, cut nimbly around with the flat against the upper quadrants to the next opening, if its seen that as soon as you again are on his blade, he cuts at you from above, thus bar him from above it is with setting off or setting on, thus as often as it clashes so you are nimbly attentive to the next opening.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39r.jpg|1|lbl=39r.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 1,247: Line 1,274:
  
 
<p>Strike the opponent powerfully through his face, upwards step through the strike after to your opponent with your right foot and leave your sword slide around and set him the first in his chest, Thwart his arms defend yourself with the strong over your hands, and mark in this, then as soon as he makes his sword too wide in the Long-point, thus lay on with the point outside and over his arm.</p>
 
<p>Strike the opponent powerfully through his face, upwards step through the strike after to your opponent with your right foot and leave your sword slide around and set him the first in his chest, Thwart his arms defend yourself with the strong over your hands, and mark in this, then as soon as he makes his sword too wide in the Long-point, thus lay on with the point outside and over his arm.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39r.jpg|2|lbl=39r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p>'''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the Grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
 
| <p>'''Item''' Strike out before him and allow your sword to fly above besides your left, step and cut from your right from under at his arm, if he displaces this, thus wind and go through with the Grip and cast with your pommel outwards over his right arm, let go with your left hand from your grip, and grab therewith your blade to help the right, cut him with the long edge on his head.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|1|lbl=38v.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 1,259: Line 1,286:
  
 
<p>Slash him with the Long-point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the Middle Line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his Sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
 
<p>Slash him with the Long-point in his face, step and pull your sword around your head and strike with the inside flat from your right to his left through the Middle Line, take your head well out and wind around nimbly again on his Sword with the outside flat also to his left ear.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|2|lbl=38v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 40r.jpg|400px|center]]
+
| class="noline" rowspan="2" | [[File:MS A.4º.2 40r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| <p>'''Over-gripping'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Over-gripping'''</p>
  
 
<p>Mark thusly when one binds on you from the right thus he presses weakly from you with the slice, with the sword, thus grab with your hand on your shield and cast with your blade over his both hands downwards and to your right, press the pommel from you.</p>
 
<p>Mark thusly when one binds on you from the right thus he presses weakly from you with the slice, with the sword, thus grab with your hand on your shield and cast with your blade over his both hands downwards and to your right, press the pommel from you.</p>
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS A.4º.2 39v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| class="noline" |
 
 
| class="noline" | <p>'''A Sword Taking'''</p>
 
| class="noline" | <p>'''A Sword Taking'''</p>
  
 
<p>Mark when one strongly binds to you on the blade, so remove your left hand from the pommel and grab there with both blades in the middle, and drive with the haft or pommel over besides his both arms, Pull to you, thus must he lose his sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark when one strongly binds to you on the blade, so remove your left hand from the pommel and grab there with both blades in the middle, and drive with the haft or pommel over besides his both arms, Pull to you, thus must he lose his sword.</p>
| class="noline" |  
+
| class="noline" | {{paget|Page:MS A.4º.2|40v|jpg}}
  
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 03:35, 28 March 2024

Joachim Meyer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Georg Johann Ⅰ
  • Heinrich von Eberst
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der... Kunst des
Fechtens
(1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg

Joachim Meyer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German cutler, Freifechter, and fencing master. He was the last major figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the later years of his life he devised at least four distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meyer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including Italian rapier fencing. In addition to his fencing practice, Meyer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[2]

Meyer was born in Basel,[3] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meyer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[4]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and was granted the rank of master cutler. His interests had already moved beyond smithing, however, and in 1561, Meyer's petition to the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule was granted. He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[5] the 1568 petition is the first extant record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript (MS Bibl. 2465) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,[6] and his second (MS A.4º.2) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).[7] Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with long sword, dusack, and rapier; the 1561 also covers dagger, polearms, and armored fencing. His third manuscript (MS Var.82), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund ain Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German Messer teachings.

Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,[6] and illustrated at the workshop of Tobias Stimmer.[8] It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.

Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[5]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meyer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meyer was, Meyer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meyer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meyer's substantial debts. Joachim Meyer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[9][10]

Contents

Treatises

Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 MS Bibl. 2465 (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 MS A.4º.2 (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the MS Var. 82 (Rostock), including notes on teachings from Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.

The first section of Meyer's treatise is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), which he describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurenfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund ain Ringeck and Lew, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Recital of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the Fechtschule).

The second section of Meyer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[11] Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad proto-sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,[12] combines the old Messer teachings of Johannes Lecküchner and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon system, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.

The third section of Meyer's treatise is omitted in the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds several plays of armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,[13] but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the pike). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

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Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  3. According to his wedding certificate.
  4. The influence of Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise is, however, apparent in the rapier illustrations of his 1561 manuscript and the dagger plays in his book.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.
  7. Norling, Roger. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.
  9. Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  10. Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  11. Roberts, James. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. Roger Norling. "The Dussack - a weapon of war". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  13. Norling, Roger. "Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 orig. dolchen; all instances of "dagger" in this document are dolchen excepy when footnoted.
  15. orig. ararmschirleinn
  16. orig. stichen, "thrust"/"stab" (context dependent); instances of stabbing that use other verbs will be footnoted.
  17. orig. Armschiene - seemingly a part of the armour
  18. orig. geordinirtt
  19. orig. schießen; see here
  20. orig. findt
  21. orig. spis
  22. orig. schwertt
  23. orig. sebell
  24. 24.0 24.1 orig. kempff degen; it can mean either “combat sword” or “combat dagger” (Source 1, Source 2). See here for a painting with kempffdegen in its caption
  25. 25.0 25.1 orig. Anngreiffen; "attacking" or "grappling"; cf. angreifen
  26. orig. zimlich
  27. alt. "endure"
  28. Ittem has many potential meanings: "further", "likewise", "the same as", and also simply as a means of 'bullet-pointing' numerous items. I've found that "likewise" works as an apt translation most of the time, but for clarity I will leave it untranslated. See this article.
  29. orig. noch eines Idenn woll gefalen
  30. orig. Reren; cf. Rohre/Röhre
  31. orig. lest
  32. orig. Schranckenn
  33. orig. dringen/thringen; refers to pressing one's point into an opponent['s armour/mail], cf. modern sense of "pushing through a crowd". See this glossary for more information
  34. orig. donerschlag; a strike with the hilt of the longsword while holding the blade
  35. orig. vnnd las Inn vorverthobenn; messy ink makes it difficult to transcribe; possible alt. "and read above beforehand"
  36. A blunt strike, as opposed to a cut or slice. See here.
  37. orig. versezen; alt. "parrying"
  38. Unclear.
  39. orig. ansezen; most likely means "pinned", "planted" (in the sense of placing your weapon or hand against an opponent, in a grappling sense); alt. "attacking" (cf. modern ansetzen). See this glossary for more information
  40. orig. erlang
  41. see nachreissen
  42. 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 orig. stehenn; often coupled with ansezen in this section; alt. "stand against"
  43. orig. uchsen
  44. orig. Gelenck. Refers to joints in armour, but also body parts - in the context of armoured fencing, it is most likely referring to the joints in the armour
  45. orig. greifest
  46. 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 orig. brich
  47. orig. anbrichen
  48. 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 orig. stos
  49. orig. goch
  50. 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 orig. schlag
  51. 51.0 51.1 51.2 see absetzen
  52. orig. drissel; cf. thrissel
  53. orig. schlag dein beidt vnder dein Recht achsell. From interpretation, the word schlag here doesn't make much sense: it's possible that beidt was intended to be said or written as bindt, as in "put your grip under your right shoulder".
  54. orig. Achsell
  55. 55.0 55.1 see Ringen
  56. 56.0 56.1 see arbeiten
  57. 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 57.5 orig. streich, cf. schlag
  58. 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.7 orig. inndes
  59. alt. "attacks"
  60. orig. last Er dür die seitten
  61. 61.0 61.1 orig. Ring; alt. lists
  62. orig. vergesezsten
  63. 63.0 63.1 63.2 see abzucken
  64. orig. fies
  65. 65.0 65.1 see gleich
  66. unclear transcription; possibly nim, ergo "take the weight"
  67. Unclear.
  68. orig. zwerchs
  69. 69.0 69.1 orig. degen; see kempffdegen
  70. orig. hawen. A cut or slice, as opposed to a blunt strike. See see here.
  71. 71.0 71.1 71.2 orig. bickell; most likely referring to the artificial, "mason's hammer", pickaxe shape of the crossguard in armoured fencing
  72. orig. klos
  73. orig. Stuck
  74. orig. knefftiglich, interpreted as krefftiglich
  75. orig. verfelen - described earlier in 1561 as a feint whereby you wait for your opponent to react to a strike, then change the direction of the strike
  76. orig. entgehenn
  77. orig. faren/auffaren; cf. fahren
  78. originally transcribed as knefftiglich, but krefftiglich (lit. "powerfully") seems more likely, in my opinion
  79. orig. gerecht; possible mistranscription/misspelling of gemecht, lit. "groin" or "genitals"
  80. 80.0 80.1 80.2 orig. las dein bindt fahren, lit. "let your grip drive"; alt. "release your grip and drive"
  81. Possibly "hauberk"(?).
  82. 82.0 82.1 orig. ausnemen; alt. "take out [the blade with a parry]"; "deflect"(?)
  83. orig. verzoblen; cf. verzögern
  84. lit. oben hutt; contrast Oberhutt
  85. orig. heutt; possible verb form of hutt
  86. orig. überwegest
  87. 87.0 87.1 orig. schlagen. Probably means "place" in this context.
  88. orig. sez; no accompanying adposition but I assume he means ansezen
  89. listen
  90. orig. Bundtschlag, lit. "grip strike"
  91. orig. fertt
  92. orig. wie nechst
  93. orig. oder Aber fus gesicht, lit. or but foot face, possible alt. "or his foot or face"
  94. orig. wendt
  95. orig. Reüb
  96. orig. geschmidt, lit. smithed. Possibly misspelling of Geschmeidt, which means "jewellery" - perhaps slang for gemecht ("genitals)".
  97. orig. steßen
  98. orig. abgewünnen
  99. Note that he uses the word degen but seems to refer to the aforementioned "threefold" dagger, which he referred to using the word dolchen.
  100. orig. feder
  101. orig. spietzen
  102. Reference in the left margin to picture on page 61.
  103. orig. auf dz schlos am Rucken; alt. "clasp of the back"
  104. orig. Wappenrock
  105. Unclear whether die refers to the dagger or the heart, here
  106. orig. kurz halbenn; alt. "short edge"
  107. orig. concordiren
  108. This word overwrites an initial die.
  109. The first 10 lines of this paragraph are shorter of 30% than the last four, as if there is a left place here for a picture or a diagram.
  110. The second letter looks a bit like a “b” but it is nonsense. It can be also considered like a small capital “e”.
  111. The first letter corrected from “w” by cancelling the first bow of the letter.
  112. The first letter could also read as an “l", but “b” seems more probable here.
  113. The first letter corrected from “b” by overwriting.
  114. The ink is a bit blurred, particularly in the beginning of the word which results in an ambiguous reading; stucken would be more plausible in this context but does not fit with the appearance of the first couple of letters at all.
  115. The writer first wrote hawst but the “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  116. Recte: und.
  117. The writer first wrote arms but the final “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  118. The letter “s” has ben cancelled just before the word den.
  119. Above the letter “i” a large circle is drawn as it is used to mark the letter “u”.
  120. Doubling of the word seitten, considered as a mistake and corrected here as the first finished a line.
  121. Setzen has been written afterwards just under ver- and looks like a catchword; however, the following page does not start with the same word. It could be a mistake of the scribe.
  122. An abbreviation sign at the end of the word tends to signify that it should be expanded to hawen, but it has been cancelled.
  123. The “h” is writen above a “e”.
  124. Unclear reading. The word has been corrected, possibly from zu, which, however, cannot be definitely affirmed.
  125. The words und oder after this word are cancelled.
  126. At this place is a sign that commonly indicates a line break or an end of a paragraph. Here, however, the following text continues in the same line.
  127. The first letter appears to be a cancelled “t”; however the reading remains ambiguous.
  128. The end of this word, sicht is inserted below the line at the right, like a catchword. However, the following written page, fol. 23r, does not start with the same word. Could be a mistake by the scribe or a clue for a missing page.
  129. After this word a large circle is drawn and its only meaning seems to complete the line to the right and avoid a big default in the right alignment.
  130. The letter “d” is cancelled just before the “b” of this word.
  131. The initial letter “b” is written above another letter, maybe a “g”.
  132. This first two letters are written above the letter “k”.
  133. A letter “b” or “l” has been written after this word but has ben cancelled.
  134. The first letter seems to superscribe an initial “I”.
  135. The writer firstly wrote an “m” as a final letter and subsequently cancelled the last leg to get an “n”.
  136. The final letter “t” is written above the line, in replacement for a previously cancelled letter.
  137. This word is written above a previous one, which is unreadable now.
  138. The first letters are difficult to make out due to a (water?) damage.
  139. The first letter of this word has been written above another, now illegible one.
  140. A letter “h” was written in the second position to begin with but cancelled afterwards.
  141. The first letter is curiously composed, but seems to have been readen as a "v".
  142. The second letter has been canceled and corrected by "o" above the line.
  143. The original text is derholhalben derhalben, which seems to be an unnecessary repetition.
  144. Doubling of the word handt, a probable mistake as the first is written a the end of the line. Same mistake as 17r.
  145. Doubling of the words den andern, probable mistake, only it is conserved here.
  146. A lone letter "h" is writen here, perhaps a beginning for “hew”, which was finally written after the digit “4”. Corrected in this edition.
  147. This sentence can be found in the printed book: « und merck wann du zur rechten undern Blöß schlechst, es sey flech, lang oder kurtz » (plate XXIXv from the 1570 edition)
  148. The third letter “h” was cancelled by overwriting it with an “l”.
  149. The letter “a” is crossed out in the beginning of the word.
  150. Corrected from Im, the first stroke of the “m” has been cancelled.
  151. Spitz uber- is clearly copied twice, this is probably an eye-skip.
  152. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  153. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  154. The "st" ligature is inverted.
  155. Typo, should be "wolt, könne".
  156. Originally printed "abzutzest", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  157. Originally printed "verhauren", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  158. The "t" is inverted.
  159. Ⅲ.47v indicates that this was printed "erbangen" and needed to be corrected to "erlangen", but that's not true in any copy available for consult.
  160. Originally printed "mim", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  161. Originally printed "Higur", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  162. Originally printed "Fellen", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  163. Originally printed "gem" (with an inverted g), but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  164. Originally printed "allo", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  165. Originally printed "Atm", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  166. The first 't' is inverted.
  167. Terminal 'e' is inverted.
  168. Originally printed "bleiden", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  169. Originally printed "klnie", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  170. Originally printed "duch", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  171. The second "e" is inverted.
  172. Originally printed "fein", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  173. Originally printed "behendig ich", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  174. Misnumbered 87r.
  175. 175.00 175.01 175.02 175.03 175.04 175.05 175.06 175.07 175.08 175.09 175.10 175.11 175.12 175.13 175.14 175.15 175.16 175.17 175.18 175.19 175.20 175.21 175.22 175.23 175.24 175.25 175.26 175.27 175.28 175.29 175.30 175.31 indes
  176. palm up
  177. Illegible deletion.
  178. oberhauw
  179. ‘right’ is originally written, ‘left’ is written above it
  180. short edge
  181. “Degen”, lit. dagger, could either refer to a sword or dagger.
  182. short edge
  183. Unleserliche Streichung. Illegible deletion.
  184. Unleserliche gestrichen Einfügung oberhalb der Zeile. Crossed out illegible insertion above the line.
  185. Die Schlaufe des »h« trägt ein Diärese. The loop of the “h” carries a diaeresis.
  186. Korrigiert aus »mitelhauw«. Corrected from “mitelhauw”.
  187. Leicht unleserlich. Slightly illegible.
  188. Überschriebens »vom«. Overwritten “vom”.
  189. Inserted by means of a special mark.
  190. Word inserted next to the text.
  191. Inserted nest to the text.
  192. Zwei Worte am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Two words inserted at the margin.
  193. Wort am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Word inserted at the margin.