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Difference between revisions of "Joachim Meyer"

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| <p>Firstly will each one of the actions in Fencing be divided into three parts which are particularly good to note. Attacking, following after, withdrawal or ending, then to the first in the onset send your attacks through the Guards and cuts like they follow afterwards here, however to the other parts and the middle work, this will be reprinted with the handworks, and a mixture of convenient cuts. And lastly to the ending, or the withdrawal, how orderly each one will hereafter be diligently written and taught.</p>
+
| <p>Firstly will each one of the actions in Fencing be divided into three parts which are particularly good to note. Attacking, following after, withdrawal or ending, then to the first in the onset send your attacks through the guards and cuts like they follow afterwards here, however to the other parts and the middle work, this will be reprinted with the handworks, and a mixture of convenient cuts. And lastly to the ending, or the withdrawal, how orderly each one will hereafter be diligently written and taught.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001r.jpg|1|lbl=1r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001r.jpg|1|lbl=1r.1}}
  
 
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| <p>Further, you should note the Before and After, weak and strong. The Before is when you drive with your ''Stücken'' so that he cannot come to his senses, especially by positioning yourself as close as he is, and how he defends before your ''Stücken'' and these same wants to break and bar, with this, he runs off the Before to you. The After is, when you have been rushed upon by your opponent how it is reported above. Thus you should respond ''Indes'' quickly with convenient work, with this, you are strongest on his ''Stücken'', when you go on with your work in the Before, and in this you are crowded so that you must displace him after, thus is a constant changing with the Before and After, now you have it, then he does, but he who does not pay attention to it, he will never learn to fence.</p>
+
| <p>Further, you should note the Before and After, Weak and Strong. The Before is when you drive with your ''Stücken'' so that he cannot come to his senses, especially by positioning yourself as close as he is, and how he defends before your ''Stücken'' and these same wants to break and bar, with this, he runs off the Before to you. The After is, when you have been rushed upon by your opponent how it is reported above. Thus you should respond ''Indes'' quickly with convenient work, with this, you are strongest on his ''Stücken'', when you go on with your work in the Before, and in this you are crowded so that you must displace him After, thus is a constant changing with the Before and After, now you have it, then he does, but he who does not pay attention to it, he will never learn to fence.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001r.jpg|2|lbl=1r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|1|lbl=1v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001r.jpg|2|lbl=1r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|1|lbl=1v.1|p=1}}
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| <p>'''Hard and Soft'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Hard and Soft'''</p>
  
<p>Thus you shall mark in the binding of the swords, as you shall feel if he has become hard or soft in the bind, with the cut. Item; If he is yet again, strong or weak, and is usually more watchful of the weak binding before the strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen.</p>
+
<p>Thus you shall mark in the binding of the swords, as you shall feel if he has become hard or soft in the bind, with the cut. Item; If he is yet again, Strong or Weak, and is usually more watchful of the Weak binding before the Strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|4|lbl=1v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|4|lbl=1v.4}}
  
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| <p>The 8 secondary guards, Longpoint, Iron Door, Hanging point, Speak window, Key, Sideguard, Barrier guard and Wrath guard.</p>
+
| <p>The 8 Secondary Guards, Long Point, Iron Door, Hanging Point, Speak Window, Key, Side Guard, Barrier Guard and Wrath Guard.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|3|lbl=2r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|3|lbl=2r.3}}
  
 
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| <p>The 5 Master cuts, Wrath strike, Crooked Strike, Thwart Strike, Scalp strike, Squinter strike.</p>
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| <p>The 5 Master Cuts, Wrath Strike, Crooked Strike, Thwart Strike, Scalp Strike, Squinter Strike.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|4|lbl=2r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|4|lbl=2r.4}}
  
 
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| <p>The 6 forbidden Cuts, Blind cut, Rebound cut, Short Cut, Joint Cut, Clashing Cut, Winding Cut.</p>
+
| <p>The 6 forbidden Cuts, Blind Cut, Rebound Cut, Short Cut, Joint Cut, Clashing Cut, Winding Cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|5|lbl=2r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|5|lbl=2r.5}}
  
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| <p>'''Of the 4 Guards'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Of the 4 Guards'''</p>
  
<p>First of all, the ancients not only used the 4 guards for good in attacking, but also hid our so-called fencing summarily in them, that namely they had told and intended with all high guards the cuts from above. With the Fool, however, all cuts from below were therefore called Fool, because all things from below are to be regarded as contrary to what comes from above. They have therefore composed their whole fencing in two cuts namely from above and from below so that no cut can be thrown, for it must be from above or from below and even if one cuts a middle or Thwart strike, then that cut still has a common name with the high or low cut, then just as no middle cut can be made, unless it will go somewhat from below or above. So by the Ox and the Plow they intended the thrust, that is, the upper and lower thrust, which, however, in our present time is not in the fencing for several reasons, I will then save Oxen and Plow together with the thrusts until the rapier, where I will then extensively cover it.</p>
+
<p>First of all, the ancients not only used the 4 guards for good in attacking, but also hid our so-called fencing summarily in them, that namely they had told and intended with all high guards the cuts from above. With the Fool, however, all cuts from below were therefore called Fool, because all things from below are to be regarded as contrary to what comes from above. They have therefore composed their whole fencing in two cuts namely from above and from below so that no cut can be thrown, for it must be from above or from below and even if one cuts a Middle or Thwart Strike, then that cut still has a common name with the High or Low Cut, then just as no Middle Cut can be made, unless it will go somewhat from below or above. So by the Ox and the Plow they intended the thrust, that is, the upper and lower thrust, which, however, in our present time is not in the fencing for several reasons, I will then save Oxen and Plow together with the thrusts until the rapier, where I will then extensively cover it.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|7|lbl=2r.7}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002r.jpg|7|lbl=2r.7}}
  
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| <p>But how each Guard is to be made or understood will be recorded in figures.</p>
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| <p>But how each guard is to be made or understood will be recorded in figures.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002v.jpg|2|lbl=2v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002v.jpg|2|lbl=2v.2}}
  
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| <p>'''Wrath Cut'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Wrath Cut'''</p>
  
<p>Wrath cut is done thus, when you are in ''Zufechten'', then come in the Ox or take the sword onto the right shoulder so that the left foot stands forth, step and cut with the long edge from the right diagonally to his left whether to the head or body.</p>
+
<p>Wrath Cut is done thus, when you are in ''Zufechten'', then come in the Ox or take the sword onto the right shoulder so that the left foot stands forth, step and cut with the long edge from the right diagonally to his left whether to the head or body.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002v.jpg|3|lbl=2v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 002v.jpg|3|lbl=2v.3}}
  
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| <p>'''Squinter Cut'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Squinter Cut'''</p>
  
<p>In the ''Zufechten'' come as described before and hold the sword as described before, if one cuts at you then step and cut in with crossed hands from above simultaneously with him like all things from the Crooked cut are told.</p>
+
<p>In the ''Zufechten'' come as described before and hold the sword as described before, if one cuts at you then step and cut in with crossed hands from above simultaneously with him like all things from the Crooked Cut are told.</p>
  
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003r.jpg|4|lbl=3r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003r.jpg|4|lbl=3r.4}}
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| <p>'''Scalper'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Scalper'''</p>
  
<p>Is done thusly, stand in the Ox like the figure of the Ox shows and cut from below with the half edge through the scalp line so that the weapon flies upwards into the Roof guard.</p>
+
<p>Is done thusly, stand in the Ox like the figure of the Ox shows and cut from below with the half edge through the scalp line so that the weapon flies upwards into the Roof Guard.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003v.jpg|1|lbl=3v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003v.jpg|1|lbl=3v.1}}
  
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| <p>'''Short Cut'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Short Cut'''</p>
  
<p>So, stand with the right foot forward in Hanging point, pull upwards and around your head and cut with the short edge from your lower left to his right ear or arm, in the strike your thumb shall face up.</p>
+
<p>So, stand with the right foot forward in Hanging Point, pull upwards and around your head and cut with the short edge from your lower left to his right ear or arm, in the strike your thumb shall face up.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003v.jpg|4|lbl=3v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 003v.jpg|4|lbl=3v.4}}
  
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| <p>'''Winding through'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Winding through'''</p>
  
<p>When you have cut at him with a Wrath cut, and when it clashes wind with the hilt down through, instantly reach over with the pommel above his blade or arms and wrench downwards or work further to your favor.</p>
+
<p>When you have cut at him with a Wrath Cut, and when it clashes wind with the hilt down through, instantly reach over with the pommel above his blade or arms and wrench downwards or work further to your favor.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|2|lbl=6r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|2|lbl=6r.2}}
  
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| <p>'''Sliding'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Sliding'''</p>
  
<p>If you stand in Wrath guard and one cuts at you from above then drive out with the arms and raise the blade over your head and catch the strike on the flat of your blade. That is called Sliding.</p>
+
<p>If you stand in Wrath Guard and one cuts at you from above then drive out with the arms and raise the blade over your head and catch the strike on the flat of your blade. That is called Sliding.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|1|lbl=7r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|1|lbl=7r.1}}
  
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| <p>'''Hanging'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Hanging'''</p>
  
<p>Hanging is various, namely to constrain while hanging over, Item; stand in Plow if one strikes at you, then drive up with the arms and catch the strike on the flat of your blade on the strong, that is Hanging.</p>
+
<p>Hanging is various, namely to constrain while hanging over, Item; stand in Plow if one strikes at you, then drive up with the arms and catch the strike on the flat of your blade on the Strong, that is Hanging.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|2|lbl=7r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|2|lbl=7r.2}}
  
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| <p>'''Of this I will give an example'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Of this I will give an example'''</p>
  
<p>When someone fights against you from the Roof Guard, then come in the ''Zufechten'' into the Side Guard, you shall not wait there longer than until he pulls up his sword for the stroke, as soon as he brings his sword up in the air, then meet him with a Thwart strike, once it clashes, then cut quickly again back around with a long Thwart to the other side on his sword, that is the Attack. If he strikes around, then slice after, if he parries, then deceive him, if he escapes then chase him, if he is hard then you are soft, if he strikes then counter it, if he parries then strike. Thirdly, also pay attention instantly for your opportunity to withdraw.</p>
+
<p>When someone fights against you from the Roof Guard, then come in the ''Zufechten'' into the Side Guard, you shall not wait there longer than until he pulls up his sword for the stroke, as soon as he brings his sword up in the air, then meet him with a Thwart Strike, once it clashes, then cut quickly again back around with a long Thwart to the other side on his sword, that is the Attack. If he strikes around, then slice after, if he parries, then deceive him, if he escapes then chase him, if he is hard then you are soft, if he strikes then counter it, if he parries then strike. Thirdly, also pay attention instantly for your opportunity to withdraw.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 009v.jpg|2|lbl=9v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 009v.jpg|2|lbl=9v.2}}
  
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| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 011r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 011r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note, position yourself in the Irongate, if he cuts at you, then drive up with crossed hands and catch his strike on the strong of your blade, and drive with the pommel over his left arm, instantly release your left hand from the hilt and grab ''Indes'' quickly with your left hand onto the middle of your blade, push it from you, thus you strike him ''Indes'' to the face.</p>
+
| <p>Note, position yourself in the Irongate, if he cuts at you, then drive up with crossed hands and catch his strike on the Strong of your blade, and drive with the pommel over his left arm, instantly release your left hand from the hilt and grab ''Indes'' quickly with your left hand onto the middle of your blade, push it from you, thus you strike him ''Indes'' to the face.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|011r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|011r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 011v.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 011v.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>In the ''Zufechten'', come in the hanging point, take his blade away from the ground with the half edge from your left, ''Indes'' strike with the long (edge) horizontally over his hands to his right ear, ''Indes'' wind the half edge inwards to the head and again back out.<ref>Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.</ref></p>
+
| <p>In the ''Zufechten'', come in the Hanging Point, take his blade away from the ground with the half edge from your left, ''Indes'' strike with the long (edge) horizontally over his hands to his right ear, ''Indes'' wind the half edge inwards to the head and again back out.<ref>Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier Guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.</ref></p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|011v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|011v|jpg}}
  
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| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 012r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 012r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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<p>[When] you are positioned in the Barrier guard to the left side, the right foot forward, if one cuts at you then step with your left foot well around to his right and throw the half edge<br/>
+
<p>[When] you are positioned in the Barrier Guard to the left side, the right foot forward, if one cuts at you then step with your left foot well around to his right and throw the half edge<br/>
??? against with the weak to the head, wrench out to your right, allow the sword <br/>
+
??? against with the Weak to the head, wrench out to your right, allow the sword <br/>
 
????? the half edge again under and into the head at the same left side.
 
????? the half edge again under and into the head at the same left side.
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|012r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|012r|jpg}}
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| <p>First of all, you should notice when someone comes near to you in such a way that you are in a bind or standing close, and you have the (sword) above the head in the speaking window or Roof, and one cuts directly at your fingers or fists, then cut against his incoming strike with a Thwart cut, and step well out from his strike, to the side to which you have cut the Thwart, then Thwart again at once back around to the other opening, When you are well prepared for it and understand it well, then you can always hit him as often as he cuts at your fingers.</p>
+
| <p>First of all, you should notice when someone comes near to you in such a way that you are in a bind or standing close, and you have the (sword) above the head in the speaking window or Roof, and one cuts directly at your fingers or fists, then cut against his incoming strike with a Thwart Cut, and step well out from his strike, to the side to which you have cut the Thwart, then Thwart again at once back around to the other opening, When you are well prepared for it and understand it well, then you can always hit him as often as he cuts at your fingers.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|2|lbl=13v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|2|lbl=13v.2}}
  
 
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| <p>Item: You may also strike over with the same crowned cut when he strikes after from his right at your fingers, then strike in with the flat from your right to his left simultaneously with him so that your long edge comes onto his sword, and your cross is put horizontally, step well out from his cut to the side to which you have cut, that is call the crowned cut.</p>
+
| <p>Item: You may also strike over with the same Crown Cut when he strikes after from his right at your fingers, then strike in with the flat from your right to his left simultaneously with him so that your long edge comes onto his sword, and your cross is put horizontally, step well out from his cut to the side to which you have cut, that is call the Crown Cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|3|lbl=13v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|3|lbl=13v.3}}
  
 
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| <p>But if he cuts at you from his left to your fingers, then also cut in simultaneously with the flat and crossed hands, so that the long edge of the blade clashes in on his blade, and your cross is put horizontally in the Crown, when you make this crown cut correctly, then always hit with the sharp edge by the half edge, however if you are too far from him and he cuts after at your hands, then cut him to the head, and with that you protect yourself in parrying, thus you have defended your fingers from damage, but if he cuts in simultaneously with a step, then spring with every cut to his parrying with closing.</p>
+
| <p>But if he cuts at you from his left to your fingers, then also cut in simultaneously with the flat and crossed hands, so that the long edge of the blade clashes in on his blade, and your cross is put horizontally in the Crown, when you make this Crown Cut correctly, then always hit with the sharp edge by the half edge, however if you are too far from him and he cuts after at your hands, then cut him to the head, and with that you protect yourself in parrying, thus you have defended your fingers from damage, but if he cuts in simultaneously with a step, then spring with every cut to his parrying with closing.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|4|lbl=13v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 014r.jpg|1|lbl=14r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 013v.jpg|4|lbl=13v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 014r.jpg|1|lbl=14r.1|p=1}}
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| <small>17</small>
 
| <small>17</small>
| '''Before and after these two things, <br/>are an Origin to all of the art'''
+
| '''Before and After these two things, <br/>are an Origin to all of the art'''
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>18</small>
 
| <small>18</small>
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| '''If you scare easily, <br/>don’t learn to fence.'''
 
| '''If you scare easily, <br/>don’t learn to fence.'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Since I have taught sufficiently about the before and after, the weak and strong, I will solely explain the word ''Indes'', which word has no other in it than an earnest meaning to be kept and considered, For when I strike to an opening, without first considering how I should strike the next, but rather see a cut along with it to the most conducive opening.</p>
+
<p>Since I have taught sufficiently about the Before and After, the Weak and Strong, I will solely explain the word ''Indes'', which word has no other in it than an earnest meaning to be kept and considered, For when I strike to an opening, without first considering how I should strike the next, but rather see a cut along with it to the most conducive opening.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 014v.jpg|1|lbl=14v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 014v.jpg|1|lbl=14v.1}}
  
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| <p>'''''Indes'' pay attention understand me correctly <br/>Hit him before he is in a Guard'''<ref>This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, [[Page:Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff) 1531-1537.pdf/13|page 4v]].</ref></p>
+
| <p>'''''Indes'' pay attention understand me correctly <br/>Hit him before he is in a guard'''<ref>This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, [[Page:Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff) 1531-1537.pdf/13|page 4v]].</ref></p>
  
 
<p>'''Interpretation'''</p>
 
<p>'''Interpretation'''</p>
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| <p>'''No Guard is worth it to you<br/>In the after you hit him from free courage<br/>With it you come quickly to the work<br/>So wait until I first bind you.'''<ref>This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, [[Page:Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff) 1531-1537.pdf/18|page 7r]].</ref></p>
+
| <p>'''No guard is worth it to you<br/>In the After you hit him from free courage<br/>With it you come quickly to the work<br/>So wait until I first bind you.'''<ref>This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, [[Page:Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst (Christian Egenolff) 1531-1537.pdf/18|page 7r]].</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 015r.jpg|4|lbl=15r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 015r.jpg|4|lbl=15r.4}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>42</small>
 
| <small>42</small>
| '''Crooked cut quickly, <br/>throw the point at the hands'''
+
| '''Crooked Cut quickly, <br/>throw the point at the hands'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>That is when someone cuts at you from the Roof guard, thus you have gone against him and in the air turned the edge crosswise and struck at both his hands, step with both feet well to his left side, this is how the ''Stuck'' starts.</p>
+
<p>That is when someone cuts at you from the Roof Guard, thus you have gone against him and in the air turned the edge crosswise and struck at both his hands, step with both feet well to his left side, this is how the ''Stuck'' starts.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 016v.jpg|1|lbl=16v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 016v.jpg|1|lbl=16v.1}}
  
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| '''Who cuts Crooked well<br/>With stepping many cuts are hindered'''
 
| '''Who cuts Crooked well<br/>With stepping many cuts are hindered'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>This you must understand when one cuts at you from his upper right, then cut against him and step with your right foot well to his left side, now turn the sword crosswise with arms crossed thus you come over his sword in the Barrier guard, now slice ''Indes'' to his jaw and neck with the long edge, hence it has noble and good works and goes with the correct ''Indes''.</p>
+
<p>This you must understand when one cuts at you from his upper right, then cut against him and step with your right foot well to his left side, now turn the sword crosswise with arms crossed thus you come over his sword in the Barrier Guard, now slice ''Indes'' to his jaw and neck with the long edge, hence it has noble and good works and goes with the correct ''Indes''.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 016v.jpg|2|lbl=16v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 016v.jpg|2|lbl=16v.2}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>50</small>
 
| <small>50</small>
| '''Thwart with the strong<br/>Note your work with it'''
+
| '''Thwart with the Strong<br/>Note your work with it'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>That is when you have bravely Thwarted, then at once search above with the strong or Reverser, now slice, ''Indes'' push, ''Indes'' nearly in the ancient Slice or Remaining</p>
+
<p>That is when you have bravely Thwarted, then at once search above with the Strong or Reverser, now slice, ''Indes'' push, ''Indes'' nearly in the ancient Slice or Remaining</p>
  
 
<p>''Indes'' takes the sword,<br/>''Indes'' does what your heart desires.</p>
 
<p>''Indes'' takes the sword,<br/>''Indes'' does what your heart desires.</p>
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| '''What you will Thwart well, <br/>his mind is easily deceived by jumping'''
 
| '''What you will Thwart well, <br/>his mind is easily deceived by jumping'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>That is when you spring well in the Thwarter, so is your Thwart strike to the head of the man who fights with you, nearly dangerous, for it goes deep to the Ox.</p>
+
<p>That is when you spring well in the Thwarter, so is your Thwart Strike to the head of the man who fights with you, nearly dangerous, for it goes deep to the Ox.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 018r.jpg|2|lbl=18r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 018r.jpg|2|lbl=18r.2}}
  
Line 931: Line 931:
 
| '''Squinter breaks <br/>what the Buffel strikes or thrusts'''
 
| '''Squinter breaks <br/>what the Buffel strikes or thrusts'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>This is when someone strikes a Buffel strike at you, it is a long and hard peasant’s strike from the Roof Guard, you then strike around from your right shoulder against him, however you turn your sword and strike in part together to his head and sword, now you have broken the Buffel with the Squinter, and hit with it. Now further, the ''stuck'' has just begun.</p>
+
<p>This is when someone strikes a Buffel Strike at you, it is a long and hard peasant’s strike from the Roof Guard, you then strike around from your right shoulder against him, however you turn your sword and strike in part together to his head and sword, now you have broken the Buffel with the Squinter, and hit with it. Now further, the ''stuck'' has just begun.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1}}
  
Line 953: Line 953:
 
| '''Squint when he is short against you<br/>Changing through defeats him'''
 
| '''Squint when he is short against you<br/>Changing through defeats him'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>The saying is made for he who wants to change through against one who will use the Squinter cut, that is, if he extends his arms short away from himself, so he may not well reach you, then you may easily change through, thus you come to him with stepping and thrust to his right side, that is called overcoming, it is much talked about, you come to him, and bring him out of his work and take him.</p>
+
<p>The saying is made for he who wants to change through against one who will use the Squinter Cut, that is, if he extends his arms short away from himself, so he may not well reach you, then you may easily change through, thus you come to him with stepping and thrust to his right side, that is called overcoming, it is much talked about, you come to him, and bring him out of his work and take him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019r.jpg|3|lbl=19r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019r.jpg|3|lbl=19r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 019v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
Line 993: Line 993:
 
| '''Twice, or in it, <br/>With it your work begins'''
 
| '''Twice, or in it, <br/>With it your work begins'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>Chasing after is an exceptionally good work, however very few are the fencers who do it correctly, Now note that this is the chasing after, when one will cut in at you from above, and as he draws up his sword to strike, so rush to him before he brings his strike, the work is all good against those who cut around too wide in the onset, then because they have their sword so far away, thus they are easier to reach, but the word Doubled means that you shall overtake me, when I have allowed my sword to fall or go nearly to the ground after the strike, so you must be cautious against the man who gladly allows his sword to fall nearly to the ground, then you must cut in at his head with the head strike, that is Doubling after shrewdly, In summation; when the opponent brings his sword in the air, then Chase after when he goes too far behind himself, ''Indes'' cut in the onset, then commit yourself to the chasing after, because the saying is made so well for the traveling after.</p>
+
<p>Chasing after is an exceptionally good work, however very few are the fencers who do it correctly, Now note that this is the chasing after, when one will cut in at you from above, and as he draws up his sword to strike, so rush to him before he brings his strike, the work is all good against those who cut around too wide in the onset, then because they have their sword so far away, thus they are easier to reach, but the word Doubled means that you shall overtake me, when I have allowed my sword to fall or go nearly to the ground after the strike, so you must be cautious against the man who gladly allows his sword to fall nearly to the ground, then you must cut in at his head with the Head Strike, that is Doubling after shrewdly, In summation; when the opponent brings his sword in the air, then Chase after when he goes too far behind himself, ''Indes'' cut in the onset, then commit yourself to the chasing after, because the saying is made so well for the traveling after.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
Line 1,007: Line 1,007:
 
| '''Two also within<br/>With it Your work begins'''
 
| '''Two also within<br/>With it Your work begins'''
 
|}
 
|}
<p>So that you shall also understand the ''Zedelfechter'' who laid out the saying for me, when you are chasing after, then go henceforth with a thrust or a winding to the face, thereafter travel into a high cut then thrust or wind to the face or chest, do the same when you chase after one who has thrust too low and cuts, those are the “two within,” then the opponent will snap after the thrust and then wants to displace, so in the meantime you stifle his sword and just work to another opening, that is a good and masterful thing, now fall on him with the cut.</p>
+
<p>So that you shall also understand the ''Zedelfechter'' who laid out the saying for me, when you are chasing after, then go henceforth with a thrust or a winding to the face, thereafter travel into a High Cut then thrust or wind to the face or chest, do the same when you chase after one who has thrust too low and cuts, those are the “two within,” then the opponent will snap after the thrust and then wants to displace, so in the meantime you stifle his sword and just work to another opening, that is a good and masterful thing, now fall on him with the cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 020v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}
  
Line 1,047: Line 1,047:
 
{{master subsubsection end}}
 
{{master subsubsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 
== Temp ==
 
== Temp ==
 
{{master subsection begin
 
{{master subsection begin

Revision as of 22:09, 2 April 2024

Joachim Meyer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Georg Johann Ⅰ
  • Heinrich von Eberst
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der... Kunst des
Fechtens
(1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg

Joachim Meyer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German cutler, Freifechter, and fencing master. He was the last major figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the later years of his life he devised at least four distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meyer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including Italian rapier fencing. In addition to his fencing practice, Meyer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[2]

Meyer was born in Basel,[3] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meyer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[4]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and was granted the rank of master cutler. His interests had already moved beyond smithing, however, and in 1561, Meyer's petition to the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule was granted. He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[5] the 1568 petition is the first extant record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript (MS Bibl. 2465) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,[6] and his second (MS A.4º.2) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).[7] Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with long sword, dusack, and rapier; the 1561 also covers dagger, polearms, and armored fencing. His third manuscript (MS Var.82), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund ain Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German Messer teachings.

Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,[6] and illustrated at the workshop of Tobias Stimmer.[8] It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.

Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[5]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meyer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meyer was, Meyer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meyer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meyer's substantial debts. Joachim Meyer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[9][10]

Contents

Treatises

Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 MS Bibl. 2465 (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 MS A.4º.2 (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the MS Var. 82 (Rostock), including notes on teachings from Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.

The first section of Meyer's treatise is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), which he describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurenfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund ain Ringeck and Lew, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Recital of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the Fechtschule).

The second section of Meyer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[11] Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad proto-sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,[12] combines the old Messer teachings of Johannes Lecküchner and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon system, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.

The third section of Meyer's treatise is omitted in the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds several plays of armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,[13] but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the pike). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

Temporary section break

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Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  3. According to his wedding certificate.
  4. The influence of Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise is, however, apparent in the rapier illustrations of his 1561 manuscript and the dagger plays in his book.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.
  7. Norling, Roger. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.
  9. Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  10. Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  11. Roberts, James. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. Roger Norling. "The Dussack - a weapon of war". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  13. Norling, Roger. "Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. Up to this point, the text matches the Lund manuscript, folia 6r to 7r.
  15. Note: this translation could be interpreted to mean “so that your half edge slides downward [presumably on his blade], hitting his right shoulder”. Meyer used the words mit Glitschen = to slither, to slide, to glide, to move with sliding.
  16. A number in the margin refers to the illustration in page number 13.
  17. The text starts matching the Lund manuscript again here (beginning on folio 7v), continuing until the Figures.
  18. Note: The Lund also mentions “the figure above” yet that figure does not appear in the Lund! Here it does, and it could be a representation of Meyer himself?
  19. The "l" appears to be written over another letter, perhaps a "b".
  20. Note: here I have included this line for clarity from Dr. Forgeng’s 1568 Lund translation: “Therefore every fighter shall know as has been said above, for when two good fighters come together, whoever thinks quicker triumphs quicker.”
  21. Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier Guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Torn page on left.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Torn page on right.
  24. To help illuminate the connections to Liechtenauer's teachings, I've added the verse numbers used in the Johannes Liechtenauer article and the various glosses to Kevin's translation. I've also added a few footnotes, and included my initials to distinguish them from Kevin's notes. Note all the verses in this section are found in Christian Egenolff's 1531 edition of Andre Paurenfeyndt's treatise—except the "First Rhyme", verses 17-20. ~Michael Chidester
  25. Note: the interpretation here is a generalized summary found in the 1570 at Ⅰ.45v—46r
  26. These two lines are a paraphrase of verse 77 of Liechtenauer's Zedel. ~MCC
  27. This rhyming section is reminiscent of the eight-line Indes poem found in several of the 15th century glosses (despite not being part of Liechtenauer's Zedel), but only the last two lines are the same. ~MCC
  28. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 4v.
  29. Unclear.
  30. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 7r.
  31. Note: gesechen = may be gesehen ENHG
  32. Unclear.
  33. This is a reference to Liechtenauer verses 56 and 79. ~MCC
  34. Liechtenauer verse 57. ~MCC
  35. This is the fourth of Paurnfeyndt's Twelve Rules for the Beginner Fencer, found on page 4r of Egenolff 1531. This is particularly odd because the first line comes from Egenolff, but the second line seems to be from Liechtenauer verse 11, which the rule was based on. The version in the fourth rule is Der darff sich kunst nit frewen. ~MCC
  36. The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.
  37. This text also appears in the Lund pg 45, yet there Meyer gave an alternate name to the Watch guard as Luginslandt, here he does not mention Luginslandt. Additionally, Meyer does not include the Blind Cut in the Lund, yet here he does and it also appears in 1570 Dussack. In addition, here Meyer names the Slice and the Bow as guards. Yet in the 1560 he lists them with the guards but says they are the two parrys. Here he gives a separate paragraph about these two.
  38. Unclear.
  39. It refers to the picture set at the page with the number 31.
  40. 40.0 40.1 40.2 orig. dolchen; all instances of "dagger" in this document are dolchen excepy when footnoted.
  41. orig. ararmschirleinn
  42. orig. stichen, "thrust"/"stab" (context dependent); instances of stabbing that use other verbs will be footnoted.
  43. orig. Armschiene - seemingly a part of the armour
  44. orig. geordinirtt
  45. orig. schießen; see here
  46. orig. findt
  47. orig. spis
  48. orig. schwertt
  49. orig. sebell
  50. 50.0 50.1 orig. kempff degen; it can mean either “combat sword” or “combat dagger” (Source 1, Source 2). See here for a painting with kempffdegen in its caption
  51. 51.0 51.1 orig. Anngreiffen; "attacking" or "grappling"; cf. angreifen
  52. orig. zimlich
  53. alt. "endure"
  54. Ittem has many potential meanings: "further", "likewise", "the same as", and also simply as a means of 'bullet-pointing' numerous items. I've found that "likewise" works as an apt translation most of the time, but for clarity I will leave it untranslated. See this article.
  55. orig. noch eines Idenn woll gefalen
  56. orig. Reren; cf. Rohre/Röhre
  57. orig. lest
  58. orig. Schranckenn
  59. orig. dringen/thringen; refers to pressing one's point into an opponent['s armour/mail], cf. modern sense of "pushing through a crowd". See this glossary for more information
  60. orig. donerschlag; a strike with the hilt of the longsword while holding the blade
  61. orig. vnnd las Inn vorverthobenn; messy ink makes it difficult to transcribe; possible alt. "and read above beforehand"
  62. A blunt strike, as opposed to a cut or slice. See here.
  63. orig. versezen; alt. "parrying"
  64. Unclear.
  65. orig. ansezen; most likely means "pinned", "planted" (in the sense of placing your weapon or hand against an opponent, in a grappling sense); alt. "attacking" (cf. modern ansetzen). See this glossary for more information
  66. orig. erlang
  67. see nachreissen
  68. 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 orig. stehenn; often coupled with ansezen in this section; alt. "stand against"
  69. orig. uchsen
  70. orig. Gelenck. Refers to joints in armour, but also body parts - in the context of armoured fencing, it is most likely referring to the joints in the armour
  71. orig. greifest
  72. 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 orig. brich
  73. orig. anbrichen
  74. 74.00 74.01 74.02 74.03 74.04 74.05 74.06 74.07 74.08 74.09 74.10 74.11 orig. stos
  75. orig. goch
  76. 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 orig. schlag
  77. 77.0 77.1 77.2 see absetzen
  78. orig. drissel; cf. thrissel
  79. orig. schlag dein beidt vnder dein Recht achsell. From interpretation, the word schlag here doesn't make much sense: it's possible that beidt was intended to be said or written as bindt, as in "put your grip under your right shoulder".
  80. orig. Achsell
  81. 81.0 81.1 see Ringen
  82. 82.0 82.1 see arbeiten
  83. 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 orig. streich, cf. schlag
  84. 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.6 84.7 orig. inndes
  85. alt. "attacks"
  86. orig. last Er dür die seitten
  87. 87.0 87.1 orig. Ring; alt. lists
  88. orig. vergesezsten
  89. 89.0 89.1 89.2 see abzucken
  90. orig. fies
  91. 91.0 91.1 see gleich
  92. unclear transcription; possibly nim, ergo "take the weight"
  93. Unclear.
  94. orig. zwerchs
  95. 95.0 95.1 orig. degen; see kempffdegen
  96. orig. hawen. A cut or slice, as opposed to a blunt strike. See see here.
  97. 97.0 97.1 97.2 orig. bickell; most likely referring to the artificial, "mason's hammer", pickaxe shape of the crossguard in armoured fencing
  98. orig. klos
  99. orig. Stuck
  100. orig. knefftiglich, interpreted as krefftiglich
  101. orig. verfelen - described earlier in 1561 as a feint whereby you wait for your opponent to react to a strike, then change the direction of the strike
  102. orig. entgehenn
  103. orig. faren/auffaren; cf. fahren
  104. originally transcribed as knefftiglich, but krefftiglich (lit. "powerfully") seems more likely, in my opinion
  105. orig. gerecht; possible mistranscription/misspelling of gemecht, lit. "groin" or "genitals"
  106. 106.0 106.1 106.2 orig. las dein bindt fahren, lit. "let your grip drive"; alt. "release your grip and drive"
  107. Possibly "hauberk"(?).
  108. 108.0 108.1 orig. ausnemen; alt. "take out [the blade with a parry]"; "deflect"(?)
  109. orig. verzoblen; cf. verzögern
  110. lit. oben hutt; contrast Oberhutt
  111. orig. heutt; possible verb form of hutt
  112. orig. überwegest
  113. 113.0 113.1 orig. schlagen. Probably means "place" in this context.
  114. orig. sez; no accompanying adposition but I assume he means ansezen
  115. listen
  116. orig. Bundtschlag, lit. "grip strike"
  117. orig. fertt
  118. orig. wie nechst
  119. orig. oder Aber fus gesicht, lit. or but foot face, possible alt. "or his foot or face"
  120. orig. wendt
  121. orig. Reüb
  122. orig. geschmidt, lit. smithed. Possibly misspelling of Geschmeidt, which means "jewellery" - perhaps slang for gemecht ("genitals)".
  123. orig. steßen
  124. orig. abgewünnen
  125. Note that he uses the word degen but seems to refer to the aforementioned "threefold" dagger, which he referred to using the word dolchen.
  126. orig. feder
  127. orig. spietzen
  128. Reference in the left margin to picture on page 61.
  129. orig. auf dz schlos am Rucken; alt. "clasp of the back"
  130. orig. Wappenrock
  131. Unclear whether die refers to the dagger or the heart, here
  132. orig. kurz halbenn; alt. "short edge"
  133. orig. concordiren
  134. This word overwrites an initial die.
  135. The first 10 lines of this paragraph are shorter of 30% than the last four, as if there is a left place here for a picture or a diagram.
  136. The second letter looks a bit like a “b” but it is nonsense. It can be also considered like a small capital “e”.
  137. The first letter corrected from “w” by cancelling the first bow of the letter.
  138. The first letter could also read as an “l", but “b” seems more probable here.
  139. The first letter corrected from “b” by overwriting.
  140. The ink is a bit blurred, particularly in the beginning of the word which results in an ambiguous reading; stucken would be more plausible in this context but does not fit with the appearance of the first couple of letters at all.
  141. The writer first wrote hawst but the “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  142. Recte: und.
  143. The writer first wrote arms but the final “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  144. The letter “s” has ben cancelled just before the word den.
  145. Above the letter “i” a large circle is drawn as it is used to mark the letter “u”.
  146. Doubling of the word seitten, considered as a mistake and corrected here as the first finished a line.
  147. Setzen has been written afterwards just under ver- and looks like a catchword; however, the following page does not start with the same word. It could be a mistake of the scribe.
  148. An abbreviation sign at the end of the word tends to signify that it should be expanded to hawen, but it has been cancelled.
  149. The “h” is writen above a “e”.
  150. Unclear reading. The word has been corrected, possibly from zu, which, however, cannot be definitely affirmed.
  151. The words und oder after this word are cancelled.
  152. At this place is a sign that commonly indicates a line break or an end of a paragraph. Here, however, the following text continues in the same line.
  153. The first letter appears to be a cancelled “t”; however the reading remains ambiguous.
  154. The end of this word, sicht is inserted below the line at the right, like a catchword. However, the following written page, fol. 23r, does not start with the same word. Could be a mistake by the scribe or a clue for a missing page.
  155. After this word a large circle is drawn and its only meaning seems to complete the line to the right and avoid a big default in the right alignment.
  156. The letter “d” is cancelled just before the “b” of this word.
  157. The initial letter “b” is written above another letter, maybe a “g”.
  158. This first two letters are written above the letter “k”.
  159. A letter “b” or “l” has been written after this word but has ben cancelled.
  160. The first letter seems to superscribe an initial “I”.
  161. The writer firstly wrote an “m” as a final letter and subsequently cancelled the last leg to get an “n”.
  162. The final letter “t” is written above the line, in replacement for a previously cancelled letter.
  163. This word is written above a previous one, which is unreadable now.
  164. The first letters are difficult to make out due to a (water?) damage.
  165. The first letter of this word has been written above another, now illegible one.
  166. A letter “h” was written in the second position to begin with but cancelled afterwards.
  167. The first letter is curiously composed, but seems to have been readen as a "v".
  168. The second letter has been canceled and corrected by "o" above the line.
  169. The original text is derholhalben derhalben, which seems to be an unnecessary repetition.
  170. Doubling of the word handt, a probable mistake as the first is written a the end of the line. Same mistake as 17r.
  171. Doubling of the words den andern, probable mistake, only it is conserved here.
  172. A lone letter "h" is writen here, perhaps a beginning for “hew”, which was finally written after the digit “4”. Corrected in this edition.
  173. This sentence can be found in the printed book: « und merck wann du zur rechten undern Blöß schlechst, es sey flech, lang oder kurtz » (plate XXIXv from the 1570 edition)
  174. The third letter “h” was cancelled by overwriting it with an “l”.
  175. The letter “a” is crossed out in the beginning of the word.
  176. The first letter was first written in lower case but was corrected with an upper-case letter.
  177. Unclear reading. It appears as if the scribe first intended to write “halber” but noticed his error in the middle of the word. The reverse may be true also.
  178. The "R." has been inserted at the end of the line afterwards.
  179. Right of this place a large blank space remains until the end of the line.
  180. The written put a "n" between sch and enckel and canceled it.
  181. Linck and seitten are reversed in the manuscript but superscribed with “1” and “2” respectively in order to indicate the correct order.
  182. Corrected from Im, the first stroke of the “m” has been cancelled.
  183. Spitz uber- is clearly copied twice, this is probably an eye-skip.
  184. Correction done on sticht by canceling the last letter.
  185. This entire paragraph is justified on the right by a vertical line, unique in the manuscript.
  186. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  187. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  188. The "st" ligature is inverted.
  189. Typo, should be "wolt, könne".
  190. Originally printed "abzutzest", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  191. Originally printed "verhauren", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  192. The "t" is inverted.
  193. Ⅲ.47v indicates that this was printed "erbangen" and needed to be corrected to "erlangen", but that's not true in any copy available for consult.
  194. Originally printed "mim", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  195. Originally printed "Higur", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  196. Originally printed "Fellen", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  197. Originally printed "gem" (with an inverted g), but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  198. Originally printed "allo", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  199. Originally printed "Atm", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  200. The first 't' is inverted.
  201. Terminal 'e' is inverted.
  202. Originally printed "bleiden", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  203. Originally printed "klnie", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  204. Originally printed "duch", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  205. The second "e" is inverted.
  206. Originally printed "fein", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  207. Originally printed "behendig ich", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  208. Misnumbered 87r.
  209. 209.00 209.01 209.02 209.03 209.04 209.05 209.06 209.07 209.08 209.09 209.10 209.11 209.12 209.13 209.14 209.15 209.16 209.17 209.18 209.19 209.20 209.21 209.22 209.23 209.24 209.25 209.26 209.27 209.28 209.29 209.30 209.31 indes
  210. palm up
  211. Illegible deletion.
  212. oberhauw
  213. ‘right’ is originally written, ‘left’ is written above it
  214. short edge
  215. “Degen”, lit. dagger, could either refer to a sword or dagger.
  216. short edge
  217. Unleserliche Streichung. Illegible deletion.
  218. Unleserliche gestrichen Einfügung oberhalb der Zeile. Crossed out illegible insertion above the line.
  219. Die Schlaufe des »h« trägt ein Diärese. The loop of the “h” carries a diaeresis.
  220. Korrigiert aus »mitelhauw«. Corrected from “mitelhauw”.
  221. Leicht unleserlich. Slightly illegible.
  222. Überschriebens »vom«. Overwritten “vom”.
  223. Inserted by means of a special mark.
  224. Word inserted next to the text.
  225. Inserted nest to the text.
  226. Zwei Worte am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Two words inserted at the margin.
  227. Wort am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Word inserted at the margin.