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Difference between revisions of "Joachim Meyer"

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  | name                = [[name::Joachim Meyer]]
 
  | name                = [[name::Joachim Meyer]]
 
  | image                = file:Joachim Meyer.png
 
  | image                = file:Joachim Meyer.png
  | imagesize            = 250px
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| <p>'''Hard and Soft'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Hard and Soft'''</p>
  
<p>Thus you shall mark in the binding of the swords, as you shall feel if he has become hard or soft in the bind, with the cut. Item: If he is yet again, Strong or Weak, and is usually more watchful of the Weak binding before the Strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen.</p>
+
<p>Thus you shall mark in the binding of the swords, as you shall feel if he has become hard or soft in the bind, with the cut.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: If he is yet again, Strong or Weak, and is usually more watchful of the Weak binding before the Strong, how hereafter in the fencing it can be seen.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|4|lbl=1v.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 001v.jpg|4|lbl=1v.4}}
  
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| <p>'''Remaining'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Remaining'''</p>
  
<p>Is thus understood when one cuts into an opening with the long edge and at once would pull back to himself as if to cut to another opening, but does not, and instead cuts again with the short edge on the same line, that is called remaining, when one remains with cutting on one opening. Item: One remains in the binding of the swords and waits on the next action until he gets his opportunity to work further.</p>
+
<p>Is thus understood when one cuts into an opening with the long edge and at once would pull back to himself as if to cut to another opening, but does not, and instead cuts again with the short edge on the same line, that is called remaining, when one remains with cutting on one opening.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: One remains in the binding of the swords and waits on the next action until he gets his opportunity to work further.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 004v.jpg|2|lbl=4v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 004v.jpg|2|lbl=4v.2}}
  
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| <p>'''Doubling'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Doubling'''</p>
  
<p>Doubling is when you allow it once or twice to run off, and also to double. Item: One cut done twice or doubled, thus in the approach I cut from my right to his left ear, once it clashes I take it away again, to my right and cut once again inside and halfway through, allowing it to snap in again.</p>
+
<p>Doubling is when you allow it once or twice to run off, and also to double.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: One cut done twice or doubled, thus in the approach I cut from my right to his left ear, once it clashes I take it away again, to my right and cut once again inside and halfway through, allowing it to snap in again.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|4|lbl=5r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|4|lbl=5r.4}}
  
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| <p>'''Deceiving'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Deceiving'''</p>
  
<p>That is when you look at an opening and make as if you would cut there, but you don’t and instead cut somewhere else, this is the second Squinter with the face. Item: The fencer who will willingly parry, or slice away, so there you should work quickly with failing, flying around, circling or looping, so he does not know where to go and gets lost.</p>
+
<p>That is when you look at an opening and make as if you would cut there, but you don’t and instead cut somewhere else, this is the second Squinter with the face.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: The fencer who will willingly parry, or slice away, so there you should work quickly with failing, flying around, circling or looping, so he does not know where to go and gets lost.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|5|lbl=5r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005r.jpg|5|lbl=5r.5}}
  
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| <p>'''Winding'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Winding'''</p>
  
<p>When you have bound with him, then remain with the edge on his blade, turn the half edge inwards to his head. Item: When you have thus wound in with the half edge then turn with the pommel again out to the other side upwards and wind the half edge outwards to his head from below through the horizontal.</p>
+
<p>When you have bound with him, then remain with the edge on his blade, turn the half edge inwards to his head.</p>
 +
 
 +
</p>Item: When you have thus wound in with the half edge then turn with the pommel again out to the other side upwards and wind the half edge outwards to his head from below through the horizontal.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005v.jpg|5|lbl=5v.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 005v.jpg|5|lbl=5v.5}}
  
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| <p>'''Changing - Changing through'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Changing - Changing through'''</p>
  
<p>Change belongs to the fencers who cut to the sword and not to the body. the same, one should change through, so when you note that he wants to meet your oncoming strike, then jerk and cut to the other side, that is called Changing. Item: Act as if you would cut at him from above, but don’t do it, instead... drive down through to the other side, to the next opening.</p>
+
<p>Change belongs to the fencers who cut to the sword and not to the body. the same, one should change through, so when you note that he wants to meet your oncoming strike, then jerk and cut to the other side, that is called Changing.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: Act as if you would cut at him from above, but don’t do it, instead... drive down through to the other side, to the next opening.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 006r.jpg|4|lbl=6r.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 006v.jpg|1|lbl=6v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 006r.jpg|4|lbl=6r.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 006v.jpg|1|lbl=6v.1|p=1}}
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| <p>'''Hanging'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Hanging'''</p>
  
<p>Hanging is various, namely to constrain while hanging over. Item: Stand in Plow if one strikes at you, then drive up with the arms and catch the strike on the flat of your blade on the Strong, that is Hanging.</p>
+
<p>Hanging is various, namely to constrain while hanging over.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: Stand in Plow if one strikes at you, then drive up with the arms and catch the strike on the flat of your blade on the Strong, that is Hanging.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|2|lbl=7r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|2|lbl=7r.2}}
  
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| <p>'''Barring'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Barring'''</p>
  
<p>Then if one stands in Changer or the Fool before you, fall on him quickly thereafter with the long edge. Item: If one strikes out before you, then bar him also with setting off.</p>
+
<p>Then if one stands in Changer or the Fool before you, fall on him quickly thereafter with the long edge.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: If one strikes out before you, then bar him also with setting off.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|4|lbl=7r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|4|lbl=7r.4}}
  
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| <p>'''Wrenching'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Wrenching'''</p>
  
<p>If someone binds you on your sword in whatever way that happens, reverse it and wrench out. Item: Wrench with the pommel between his two arms from below to your left side and yank out to your right side.</p>
+
<p>If someone binds you on your sword in whatever way that happens, reverse it and wrench out.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: Wrench with the pommel between his two arms from below to your left side and yank out to your right side.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|5|lbl=7r.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 007r.jpg|5|lbl=7r.5}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>If he falls in too deep, then he is just open above, likewise, if he goes too far to the sides. Further as to the four parts of the man, the Before and After, the Weak and the Strong. Item: The Rounding and the Circle Cut, slicing and the like and all kinds of hand works have been explained at length previously in the Sword, which one should also use here.</p>
+
| <p>If he falls in too deep, then he is just open above, likewise, if he goes too far to the sides. Further as to the four parts of the man, the Before and After, the Weak and the Strong.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: The Rounding and the Circle Cut, slicing and the like and all kinds of hand works have been explained at length previously in the Sword, which one should also use here.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 028r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 028r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when he cuts Crooked over to your head, then set him off with the slice from your right, ''Indes'' grab with your left hand over your right to his right hand by the wrist, drive up with the hilt from under and break above you as depicted hereafter.</p>
+
| <p>Note: When he cuts Crooked over to your head, then set him off with the slice from your right, ''Indes'' grab with your left hand over your right to his right hand by the wrist, drive up with the hilt from under and break above you as depicted hereafter.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|3|lbl=27v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|3|lbl=27v.3}}
  
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<p>'''A good ''Stuck'' with 6 cuts.'''</p>
 
<p>'''A good ''Stuck'' with 6 cuts.'''</p>
  
<p>Note: if you are positioned in the right Wrath Guard, then step and cut your first from below through his left, the second also from below through his right, with both of these use the crooked edge. The third from above through his left, the fourth from above through his right, so that your Dussack shoots back again above your head into the Plunge, the fifth is a Middle Cut through his left and the sixth is a High Cut (Scalp).</p>
+
<p>Note: If you are positioned in the right Wrath Guard, then step and cut your first from below through his left, the second also from below through his right, with both of these use the crooked edge. The third from above through his left, the fourth from above through his right, so that your Dussack shoots back again above your head into the Plunge, the fifth is a Middle Cut through his left and the sixth is a High Cut (Scalp).</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|4|lbl=29r.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029v.jpg|1|lbl=29v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|4|lbl=29r.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029v.jpg|1|lbl=29v.1|p=1}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 035r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 035r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when he approaches you in Bow then bind forward on his Weak with your point, ''Indes'' pull back to you and thrust him high to the face over his Bow, as soon as he goes to parry your thrust, then cut a Roar Cut down to his arm, how you see depicted here.</p>
+
| <p>Note: When he approaches you in Bow then bind forward on his Weak with your point, ''Indes'' pull back to you and thrust him high to the face over his Bow, as soon as he goes to parry your thrust, then cut a Roar Cut down to his arm, how you see depicted here.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|035r|jpg|lbl=35r}}
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|035r|jpg|lbl=35r}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: when you cut in with a High Cut at him and when it clashes then thrust in on his weapon, as soon as he wards off your thrust, then drive with the hilt under his parry into his head.</p>
+
| <p>Item: When you cut in with a High Cut at him and when it clashes then thrust in on his weapon, as soon as he wards off your thrust, then drive with the hilt under his parry into his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 038v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 038v.jpg|3|lbl=38v.3}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 039r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 039r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when one cuts at you from above, then step out to his right side and cut outside and over his arm, spring well into his right, thrust in at his face, then cut him at once to the face.</p>
+
| <p>Note:When one cuts at you from above, then step out to his right side and cut outside and over his arm, spring well into his right, thrust in at his face, then cut him at once to the face.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|039r|jpg|lbl=39r}}
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|039r|jpg|lbl=39r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 039v.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 039v.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when you both come together in the ''Zufechten'', as soon as he brings his weapon in the air to strike, then wind off or parry his strike with a Thwart Cut in front of the hand, how it is shown here. Then wind the crooked edge inwards to the face in a flick, wind through out to your left, and cut long after.</p>
+
| <p>Note: When you both come together in the ''Zufechten'', as soon as he brings his weapon in the air to strike, then wind off or parry his strike with a Thwart Cut in front of the hand, how it is shown here. Then wind the crooked edge inwards to the face in a flick, wind through out to your left, and cut long after.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|039v|jpg|lbl=39v}}
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|039v|jpg|lbl=39v}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 040r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 040r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when two stand in front of each other in a bind in the bow and each one of them waits on the other's cut, then sink yourself and cut in with the long edge straight forth, hard against his Dussack, so that it bounces against his weapon, with this you provoke him to cut to your opening, as soon as he moves up then capture his hilt with your left hand and cut beside his hilt to his head as depicted.</p>
+
| <p>Note: When two stand in front of each other in a bind in the bow and each one of them waits on the other's cut, then sink yourself and cut in with the long edge straight forth, hard against his Dussack, so that it bounces against his weapon, with this you provoke him to cut to your opening, as soon as he moves up then capture his hilt with your left hand and cut beside his hilt to his head as depicted.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|040r|jpg|lbl=40r}}
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|040r|jpg|lbl=40r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 040v.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 040v.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Item: when one cuts at you from above, note instantly when he draws up, then pull your weapon to your left shoulder and cut in with the half edge from your left horizontally at the same time as him, thus you meet and take his cut away how it is shown here.</p>
+
| <p>Item: When one cuts at you from above, note instantly when he draws up, then pull your weapon to your left shoulder and cut in with the half edge from your left horizontally at the same time as him, thus you meet and take his cut away how it is shown here.</p>
  
 
<p>Item: Short Cut, is also cutting through short.</p>
 
<p>Item: Short Cut, is also cutting through short.</p>
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 041r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 041r.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>Note: when one cuts a High Strike at you, and is still close to you, so pay attention to when he draws his hand up, then strike in with him with the half edge overhand, how it is depicted here.</p>
+
| <p>Note: When one cuts a High Strike at you, and is still close to you, so pay attention to when he draws his hand up, then strike in with him with the half edge overhand, how it is depicted here.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|041r|jpg|lbl=41r}}
 
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|041r|jpg|lbl=41r}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: when someone cuts at you, then evade with your parrying and let him cut and miss; step and cut through at once outside his right arm without hitting, the second through his face; be quick again with the parrying.<ref>Synonymous with Lund 56v.3.</ref></p>
+
| <p>Item: When someone cuts at you, then evade with your parrying and let him cut and miss; step and cut through at once outside his right arm without hitting, the second through his face; be quick again with the parrying.<ref>Synonymous with Lund 56v.3.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 044v.jpg|2|lbl=44v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 044v.jpg|2|lbl=44v.2}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: when one will cut Crooked to your right ear, then grab with your hilt outside and over his right hand near his wrist joint, jerk downwards and then flick in with the half edge to his head.<ref>''Arbeit im einlauffen'' from Lund 60r.2; last 3 lines do not appear in Lund. Item etc.</ref></p>
+
| <p>Item: When one will cut Crooked to your right ear, then grab with your hilt outside and over his right hand near his wrist joint, jerk downwards and then flick in with the half edge to his head.<ref>''Arbeit im einlauffen'' from Lund 60r.2; last 3 lines do not appear in Lund. Item etc.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 046r.jpg|4|lbl=46r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 046r.jpg|4|lbl=46r.4}}
  
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{{master subsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
  
== Temp ==
 
 
{{master subsection begin
 
{{master subsection begin
 
  | title = Rapier
 
  | title = Rapier
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: pay attention to when he thrusts low at you, and when he stretches his hand out before his face, cut him through the hand and then stab him in the face.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Pay attention to when he thrusts low at you, and when he stretches his hand out before his face, cut him through the hand and then stab him in the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 049v.jpg|3|lbl=49v.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 049v.jpg|3|lbl=49v.3}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
| <p>Item: step to him with your left foot and thrust forth, fall through from outside your left thigh, so that your weapon comes into left Ox, take out with the half edge going through to your right side, so that your weapon again comes into the right Ox and thrust to the face and cut him outside to the right thigh.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Step to him with your left foot and thrust forth, fall through from outside your left thigh, so that your weapon comes into left Ox, take out with the half edge going through to your right side, so that your weapon again comes into the right Ox and thrust to the face and cut him outside to the right thigh.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 049v.jpg|5|lbl=49v.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 049v.jpg|5|lbl=49v.5}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Note: hold the weapon in the Side Guard, if one cuts or thrusts at you, then take this out strongly with your flat from your left to the right, so that your weapon runs around over your head, cut ''Indes'' a Middle Cut through his feet from your right, thrust quickly overhand to the face.</p>
+
| <p>Note: Hold the weapon in the Side Guard, if one cuts or thrusts at you, then take this out strongly with your flat from your left to the right, so that your weapon runs around over your head, cut ''Indes'' a Middle Cut through his feet from your right, thrust quickly overhand to the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|1|lbl=58r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|1|lbl=58r.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: If one thrusts at your chest, then cut from below with the long edge to his left side, turn your weapon up into the air and thrust a Slinger to him, by your right from below to his groin, the thrust should fly in quickly in this throwing from above to below.</p>
+
| <p>Item: If one thrusts at your chest, then cut from below with the long edge [...]<ref>Section of translation missing. ~[[Michael Chidester|MCC]]</ref> to his left side, turn your weapon up into the air and thrust a Slinger to him, by your right from below to his groin, the thrust should fly in quickly in this throwing from above to below.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|2|lbl=58r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 058r.jpg|2|lbl=58r.2}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: take out like its taught here, upward from the left to the right ''Indes'' cut quickly from your right inside and through his thigh so that your weapon flies around your left into the left Ox, and thrust him from outside to the face with an overhand and a step to his right side, quickly pull again around your head and cut with a step out from your right to his left through to the head so that you come into the left Ox.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Take out like its taught here, upward from the left to the right ''Indes'' cut quickly from your right inside and through his thigh so that your weapon flies around your left into the left Ox, and thrust him from outside to the face with an overhand and a step to his right side, quickly pull again around your head and cut with a step out from your right to his left through to the head so that you come into the left Ox.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 059r.jpg|1|lbl=59r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 059r.jpg|1|lbl=59r.1}}
  
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| <p>'''A face thrust with a Spring to the opponent'''</p>
 
| <p>'''A face thrust with a Spring to the opponent'''</p>
  
<p>Item: Stand with your right foot forward, hold your rapier in the right Ox, ''Indes'' lift your left foot and when your foot is suspended in the air, then thrust through from above down by your right thigh, ''Indes'' step and spring in to him with the same foot [left] and in this spring thrust from your left, overhand to his face, that one shall do without the opponent knowing it. Item: In the springing face thrust you may also transmute it into a Weapon Strike.</p>
+
<p>Item: Stand with your right foot forward, hold your rapier in the right Ox, ''Indes'' lift your left foot and when your foot is suspended in the air, then thrust through from above down by your right thigh, ''Indes'' step and spring in to him with the same foot [left] and in this spring thrust from your left, overhand to his face, that one shall do without the opponent knowing it.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: In the springing face thrust you may also transmute it into a Weapon Strike.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|1|lbl=60r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|1|lbl=60r.1}}
  
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| <p>'''A thrust to the groin by springing'''</p>
 
| <p>'''A thrust to the groin by springing'''</p>
  
<p>Item: in ''Zufechten'', when you are three steps from him, then come with the right foot forward, have your weapon in the left Plow, ''Indes'' lift up your left foot and make a start with this from two shoe lengths before the right foot to drive, and in your momentum, transmute the Plow into Ox and while driving in at him with the left foot and while still in the air, mutate the Ox back into the right Plow and thrust while springing in, from below to his groin. So I have often reached one, from one ''Klaffter''* away, and overtook him without him knowing it.<ref>''Sprungsweise'' translates to “by leaping” “by skipping” ''drei schrit'' = 3 steps.</ref><ref>In the last ''Stuck'', Meyer actually gives units of measurement i.e., 3 ''schrit'', a ''shritt'' is an obsolete unit of measurement roughly equal to 75 cm or 29.5 inches, so that 3 ''schritt'' would equal roughly 90 inches or 7.5 feet. Meyer also uses 2 shoe lengths, and then actually uses the word ''Klaffter'' which was: “derived from the span of a man's outstretched arms and was traditionally about 1.80 meters or 5.9 feet” (Wikipedia).</ref></p>
+
<p>Item: In ''Zufechten'', when you are three steps from him, then come with the right foot forward, have your weapon in the left Plow, ''Indes'' lift up your left foot and make a start with this from two shoe lengths before the right foot to drive, and in your momentum, transmute the Plow into Ox and while driving in at him with the left foot and while still in the air, mutate the Ox back into the right Plow and thrust while springing in, from below to his groin. So I have often reached one, from one ''Klaffter''* away, and overtook him without him knowing it.<ref>''Sprungsweise'' translates to “by leaping” “by skipping” ''drei schrit'' = 3 steps.</ref><ref>In the last ''Stuck'', Meyer actually gives units of measurement i.e., 3 ''schrit'', a ''shritt'' is an obsolete unit of measurement roughly equal to 75 cm or 29.5 inches, so that 3 ''schritt'' would equal roughly 90 inches or 7.5 feet. Meyer also uses 2 shoe lengths, and then actually uses the word ''Klaffter'' which was: “derived from the span of a man's outstretched arms and was traditionally about 1.80 meters or 5.9 feet” (Wikipedia).</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|2|lbl=60r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 060r.jpg|2|lbl=60r.2}}
  
Line 2,042: Line 2,063:
 
| <p>'''From the Stepping'''</p>
 
| <p>'''From the Stepping'''</p>
  
<p>Item: if you stand on the line which is lettered A, and the opponent also appears on the same, as the figure shows, and he gives you a cut from his left to your right, and then thrusts straight at your arm, then thrust in likewise with him and ''Indes'' step with your left foot on the B line to the left, thus your point meets and his fails.</p>
+
<p>Item: If you stand on the line which is lettered A, and the opponent also appears on the same, as the figure shows, and he gives you a cut from his left to your right, and then thrusts straight at your arm, then thrust in likewise with him and ''Indes'' step with your left foot on the B line to the left, thus your point meets and his fails.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 061r.jpg|1|lbl=61r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 061r.jpg|1|lbl=61r.1}}
  
Line 2,111: Line 2,132:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: but if you cut above your left arm or dagger through his face, then you should strike back from your right under your left arm at his forward most foot, and in all this, whenever you find an opening to stab, you should thrust nimbly and defend yourself with a Defensive Strike to hold him off.</p>
+
| <p>Item: But if you cut above your left arm or dagger through his face, then you should strike back from your right under your left arm at his forward most foot, and in all this, whenever you find an opening to stab, you should thrust nimbly and defend yourself with a Defensive Strike to hold him off.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063r.jpg|5|lbl=63r.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063v.jpg|1|lbl=63v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063r.jpg|5|lbl=63r.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063v.jpg|1|lbl=63v.1|p=1}}
Line 2,117: Line 2,138:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: see that when you have stepped around him in the triangle to his right, then let your left arm sink and strike over your dagger from your left to his right to his right strongly through his foot, ''Indes'' drive quickly out with your dagger and thrust from your right and down between his two arms with a ''threimer''? (Driving Thrust) or wrench upwards through. But if you do not see any opening to thrust, then cut him from your right through to the thigh under your arm, thus you stand in the Cross Guard, from there take him out with the half edge before your dagger so that your weapon runs around into the right Ox and thrust him then to the face or chest with a step to or to your opportunity.</p>
+
| <p>Item: See that when you have stepped around him in the triangle to his right, then let your left arm sink and strike over your dagger from your left to his right to his right strongly through his foot, ''Indes'' drive quickly out with your dagger and thrust from your right and down between his two arms with a ''threimer''? (Driving Thrust) or wrench upwards through. But if you do not see any opening to thrust, then cut him from your right through to the thigh under your arm, thus you stand in the Cross Guard, from there take him out with the half edge before your dagger so that your weapon runs around into the right Ox and thrust him then to the face or chest with a step to or to your opportunity.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063v.jpg|2|lbl=63v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 063v.jpg|2|lbl=63v.2}}
  
Line 2,147: Line 2,168:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: if he is strong and you cannot take his weapon, then grab onto the ring, use that to your advantage so you overtake him, grab him by the throat or jab a thumb in his eye, or drive up under his nose, or punch him with your thumb under his chin.</p>
+
| <p>Item: If he is strong and you cannot take his weapon, then grab onto the ring, use that to your advantage so you overtake him, grab him by the throat or jab a thumb in his eye, or drive up under his nose, or punch him with your thumb under his chin.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 064v.jpg|4|lbl=64v.4}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 064v.jpg|5|lbl=64v.5}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 2,161: Line 2,182:
 
| <p>'''The Second Rule'''</p>
 
| <p>'''The Second Rule'''</p>
  
<p>Item: when one will not cut at the same time as you, but waits after for your strikes, and with ease he follows after with cutting or thrusting, so do to him thus, see in which parry he waits, in the high or Low Guard he holds his weapon, if in the high then cut him diagonally from below strongly upwards, then next cut a Middle Cut from the other side through his face, the third strongly from above, so that you cut through these three cuts skillfully and strongly one after the other, if you will be displaced with his efforts, so then you go over his cut with a slice or parry, then snap with the point quickly around and thrust to the right opening or remain with your weapon on his, and once he pulls off, then thrust after or go in at him and grasp with your left to his hilt which to you can be first. Item: If one will wait on your strike, which has just been mentioned, then position yourself with comportment as if you would furiously strike from above to his left, once you note that he will slip after then pull back and cut up to his lower right opening diagonally, from this way you may pull the cuts from one opening to another and with this, thrust after to your opportunity and your pleasure.</p>
+
<p>Item: When one will not cut at the same time as you, but waits after for your strikes, and with ease he follows after with cutting or thrusting, so do to him thus, see in which parry he waits, in the high or Low Guard he holds his weapon, if in the high then cut him diagonally from below strongly upwards, then next cut a Middle Cut from the other side through his face, the third strongly from above, so that you cut through these three cuts skillfully and strongly one after the other, if you will be displaced with his efforts, so then you go over his cut with a slice or parry, then snap with the point quickly around and thrust to the right opening or remain with your weapon on his, and once he pulls off, then thrust after or go in at him and grasp with your left to his hilt which to you can be first.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065r.jpg|2|lbl=65r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|1|lbl=65v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065r.jpg|2|lbl=65r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|1|lbl=65v.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Item: If one will wait on your strike, which has just been mentioned, then position yourself with comportment as if you would furiously strike from above to his left, once you note that he will slip after then pull back and cut up to his lower right opening diagonally, from this way you may pull the cuts from one opening to another and with this, thrust after to your opportunity and your pleasure.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|2|lbl=65v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 2,169: Line 2,195:
 
| <p>'''The Third Rule'''</p>
 
| <p>'''The Third Rule'''</p>
  
<p>If he holds his weapon too high in the parry, then cut him quickly through the foot and note as soon as he sinks after with his hand to your cut or too the opening, then quickly cut him over his weapon to the face or when he sinks with his hand after your strike, then thrust him over his arm to his face. Item: If one holds his hand down, then cut with a Middle Cut from the right through his face, as soon as he slips upwards, then cut again from the left down through his foot, the third again diagonally to the head.</p>
+
<p>If he holds his weapon too high in the parry, then cut him quickly through the foot and note as soon as he sinks after with his hand to your cut or too the opening, then quickly cut him over his weapon to the face or when he sinks with his hand after your strike, then thrust him over his arm to his face.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|2|lbl=65v.2}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|3|lbl=65v.3}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Item: If one holds his hand down, then cut with a Middle Cut from the right through his face, as soon as he slips upwards, then cut again from the left down through his foot, the third again diagonally to the head.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|4|lbl=65v.4}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Item: Cut him inside from above through to the hand, the second outside to his foot or arm.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|5|lbl=65v.5}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: Cut him inside from above through to the hand, the second outside to his foot or arm. Item: cut him outside to the arm, as soon as he slips after your cut, then drive down through and thrust him to the body.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Cut him outside to the arm, as soon as he slips after your cut, then drive down through and thrust him to the body.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|3|lbl=65v.3}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|6|lbl=65v.6}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p>Item: Cut him from your right through to the feet and threaten to thrust overhand from outside and over his right arm, but pull cut him outside to the thigh, this goes to both sides.</p>
 
| <p>Item: Cut him from your right through to the feet and threaten to thrust overhand from outside and over his right arm, but pull cut him outside to the thigh, this goes to both sides.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|4|lbl=65v.4}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 065v.jpg|7|lbl=65v.7}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 2,229: Line 2,265:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: stand in the previously mentioned Changer and cut the first through his feet from your right, the second a Middle Cut through his face from your left and the third again from your right diagonally through his face. These Change Cuts go from both sides.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Stand in the previously mentioned Changer and cut the first through his feet from your right, the second a Middle Cut through his face from your left and the third again from your right diagonally through his face. These Change Cuts go from both sides.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066av.jpg|3|lbl=66av.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066av.jpg|3|lbl=66av.3}}
  
Line 2,247: Line 2,283:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: take out as described above and thrust overhand to his face.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Take out as described above and thrust overhand to his face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|2|lbl=66br.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|2|lbl=66br.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: take out and threaten him with an overhand thrust, but pull and cut him from outside through his right leg and then cut a Defensive Strike quickly through his left from your right.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Take out and threaten him with an overhand thrust, but pull and cut him from outside through his right leg and then cut a Defensive Strike quickly through his left from your right.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|3|lbl=66br.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|3|lbl=66br.3}}
  
Line 2,264: Line 2,300:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: take out and from your head outside to his right leg, thus you come to the right side, from there take out through the hanging and thrust him inside to his face, do not forget the step.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Take out and from your head outside to his right leg, thus you come to the right side, from there take out through the hanging and thrust him inside to his face, do not forget the step.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|5|lbl=66br.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|5|lbl=66br.5}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: take out with the half edge strongly upwards and cut from above inside through to his hand, and thrust him overhand to the face.</p>
+
| <p>Item: Take out with the half edge strongly upwards and cut from above inside through to his hand, and thrust him overhand to the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|6|lbl=66br.6}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066br.jpg|6|lbl=66br.6}}
  
Line 2,298: Line 2,334:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Item: if you have your blade to his right side, then drive through below and thrust inside to his waist, turn with the hilt to your left and cut him from outside over his right arm so that your weapons again comes into the left Changer and thrust below and inside to his body with a step out.</p>
+
| <p>Item: If you have your blade to his right side, then drive through below and thrust inside to his waist, turn with the hilt to your left and cut him from outside over his right arm so that your weapons again comes into the left Changer and thrust below and inside to his body with a step out.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066bv.jpg|3|lbl=66bv.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 066bv.jpg|3|lbl=66bv.3}}
  
Line 2,313: Line 2,349:
 
|}
 
|}
 
{{master subsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
 
+
== Temp ==
 
{{master subsection begin
 
{{master subsection begin
 
  | title = Dagger
 
  | title = Dagger
Line 5,690: Line 5,726:
 
| <p>'''Slicing Off'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Slicing Off'''</p>
  
<p>Slicing Off shall you drive thus: hold the sword with outstretched arms long from you, or sink into the Fool’s guard, strike your opponent then with a long strike from you, and thus slice away from you to both sides with the long edge, so as long as you keep your advantage, that you onward will come to work properly at need.</p>
+
<p>Slicing Off shall you drive thus: Hold the sword with outstretched arms long from you, or sink into the Fool’s guard, strike your opponent then with a long strike from you, and thus slice away from you to both sides with the long edge, so as long as you keep your advantage, that you onward will come to work properly at need.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/63|2|lbl=Ⅰ.21v.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/63|2|lbl=Ⅰ.21v.2}}
  
Line 5,990: Line 6,026:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Note: hit the first and twitch the second and the third in a quick flight, and let the fourth hit, still likewise launch the first and second bites to the Openings, and indeed twitch them off again and then lead into the next target, in this disengagement you can and also should attack with the first, changing off to things taught before in the numbered lessons, namely that you now twitch and feint from this then to another, and meanwhile still have care and attention where he would engage your own openings, that you then soon be on his sword with a bind, from this twitching now move farther on to Flowing Off and Missing and the like. Thus when you would lead a strike to the man’s now known sections, and yet then take care that he displaces such strikes, then don’t twitch off again, but (in that he is unaware of your observance) then close by the same side miss to let it fully flow off on over and strike nimbly to another opening, being first on the outside right (what you led with). Example:</p>
+
| <p>Note: Hit the first and twitch the second and the third in a quick flight, and let the fourth hit, still likewise launch the first and second bites to the Openings, and indeed twitch them off again and then lead into the next target, in this disengagement you can and also should attack with the first, changing off to things taught before in the numbered lessons, namely that you now twitch and feint from this then to another, and meanwhile still have care and attention where he would engage your own openings, that you then soon be on his sword with a bind, from this twitching now move farther on to Flowing Off and Missing and the like. Thus when you would lead a strike to the man’s now known sections, and yet then take care that he displaces such strikes, then don’t twitch off again, but (in that he is unaware of your observance) then close by the same side miss to let it fully flow off on over and strike nimbly to another opening, being first on the outside right (what you led with). Example:</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/77|3|lbl=Ⅰ.28v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/78|1|lbl=Ⅰ.29r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/77|3|lbl=Ⅰ.28v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/78|1|lbl=Ⅰ.29r.1|p=1}}
Line 6,001: Line 6,037:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>Note: let the first hit hard against his left ear, nimbly let the second flow off missing near his right as instructed before, and hit deep to his left ear, thus onto it nimbly (whereas you hit the first hard unto him) as well, letting it flow off to both sides, and still attack on to the next target as it opens, all these diagonally and with crossed arms as was taught, also against each other single and double, judged in the work against your need and opportunity. Then farther, as was taught, drive the blade in the full work first with the long edge then with the short, and also with the flat, against his sides in full flight to the high and low openings.</p>
+
| <p>Note: Let the first hit hard against his left ear, nimbly let the second flow off missing near his right as instructed before, and hit deep to his left ear, thus onto it nimbly (whereas you hit the first hard unto him) as well, letting it flow off to both sides, and still attack on to the next target as it opens, all these diagonally and with crossed arms as was taught, also against each other single and double, judged in the work against your need and opportunity. Then farther, as was taught, drive the blade in the full work first with the long edge then with the short, and also with the flat, against his sides in full flight to the high and low openings.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/78|3|lbl=Ⅰ.29r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/79|1|lbl=Ⅰ.29v.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/78|3|lbl=Ⅰ.29r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf/79|1|lbl=Ⅰ.29v.1|p=1}}

Revision as of 02:38, 4 April 2024

Joachim Meyer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Georg Johann Ⅰ
  • Otto von Solms
  • Johann Casimir
  • Johann Albrecht
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der... Kunst des
Fechtens
(1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg

Joachim Meyer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German cutler, Freifechter, and fencing master. He was the last major figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the later years of his life he devised at least four distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meyer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including Italian rapier fencing. In addition to his fencing practice, Meyer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[2]

Meyer was born in Basel,[3] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meyer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[4]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and was granted the rank of master cutler. His interests had already moved beyond smithing, however, and in 1561, Meyer's petition to the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule was granted. He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[5] the 1568 petition is the first extant record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript (MS Bibl. 2465) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,[6] and his second (MS A.4º.2) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).[7] Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with long sword, dusack, and rapier; the 1561 also covers dagger, polearms, and armored fencing. His third manuscript (MS Var.82), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund ain Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German Messer teachings.

Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,[6] and illustrated at the workshop of Tobias Stimmer.[8] It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.

Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[5]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meyer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meyer was, Meyer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meyer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meyer's substantial debts. Joachim Meyer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[9][10]

Contents

Treatises

Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 MS Bibl. 2465 (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 MS A.4º.2 (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the MS Var. 82 (Rostock), including notes on teachings from Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.

The first section of Meyer's treatise is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), which he describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurenfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund ain Ringeck and Lew, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Recital of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the Fechtschule).

The second section of Meyer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[11] Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad proto-sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,[12] combines the old Messer teachings of Johannes Lecküchner and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon system, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.

The third section of Meyer's treatise is omitted in the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds several plays of armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,[13] but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the pike). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

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Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  3. According to his wedding certificate.
  4. The influence of Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise is, however, apparent in the rapier illustrations of his 1561 manuscript and the dagger plays in his book.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.
  7. Norling, Roger. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.
  9. Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  10. Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  11. Roberts, James. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. Roger Norling. "The Dussack - a weapon of war". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  13. Norling, Roger. "Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. Up to this point, the text matches the Lund manuscript, folia 6r to 7r.
  15. Note: this translation could be interpreted to mean “so that your half edge slides downward [presumably on his blade], hitting his right shoulder”. Meyer used the words mit Glitschen = to slither, to slide, to glide, to move with sliding.
  16. A number in the margin refers to the illustration in page number 13.
  17. The text starts matching the Lund manuscript again here (beginning on folio 7v), continuing until the Figures.
  18. Note: The Lund also mentions “the figure above” yet that figure does not appear in the Lund! Here it does, and it could be a representation of Meyer himself?
  19. The "l" appears to be written over another letter, perhaps a "b".
  20. Note: here I have included this line for clarity from Dr. Forgeng’s 1568 Lund translation: “Therefore every fighter shall know as has been said above, for when two good fighters come together, whoever thinks quicker triumphs quicker.”
  21. Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier Guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Torn page on left.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Torn page on right.
  24. To help illuminate the connections to Liechtenauer's teachings, I've added the verse numbers used in the Johannes Liechtenauer article and the various glosses to Kevin's translation. I've also added a few footnotes, and included my initials to distinguish them from Kevin's notes. Note all the verses in this section are found in Christian Egenolff's 1531 edition of Andre Paurenfeyndt's treatise—except the "First Rhyme", verses 17-20. ~Michael Chidester
  25. Note: the interpretation here is a generalized summary found in the 1570 at Ⅰ.45v—46r
  26. These two lines are a paraphrase of verse 77 of Liechtenauer's Zedel. ~MCC
  27. This rhyming section is reminiscent of the eight-line Indes poem found in several of the 15th century glosses (despite not being part of Liechtenauer's Zedel), but only the last two lines are the same. ~MCC
  28. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 4v.
  29. Unclear.
  30. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 7r.
  31. Note: gesechen = may be gesehen ENHG
  32. Unclear.
  33. This is a reference to Liechtenauer verses 56 and 79. ~MCC
  34. Liechtenauer verse 57. ~MCC
  35. This is the fourth of Paurnfeyndt's Twelve Rules for the Beginner Fencer, found on page 4r of Egenolff 1531. This is particularly odd because the first line comes from Egenolff, but the second line seems to be from Liechtenauer verse 11, which the rule was based on. The version in the fourth rule is Der darff sich kunst nit frewen. ~MCC
  36. The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.
  37. This text also appears in the Lund pg 45, yet there Meyer gave an alternate name to the Watch guard as Luginslandt, here he does not mention Luginslandt. Additionally, Meyer does not include the Blind Cut in the Lund, yet here he does and it also appears in 1570 Dussack. In addition, here Meyer names the Slice and the Bow as guards. Yet in the 1560 he lists them with the guards but says they are the two parrys. Here he gives a separate paragraph about these two.
  38. Above text also appears in Lund 47v.1.
  39. The translation for this paragraph is incomplete. The missing part says something like "thus trap his hand as is drawn here, step behind him, and". ~MCC
  40. Lund 57v.1 Zornhau.
  41. The first paragraph “A good attack from the Steer” is synonymous in the 1560 57v.2. Last two paragraphs here are not found there.
  42. Unclear.
  43. Found in Lund 60v.1.
  44. Abrauschen = to shoot off.
  45. The second rule omits this sentence found in the Lund, “so that your Dussack comes onto your left shoulder”, and rather Meyer says here, “lift simultaneously your body together with the Dussack to your left side”. Then the Lund synonymously says “turn your body well after your Dussack upon your left side”.
  46. These two paragraphs found in Lund 61v.1 and 62r.1; with above noted differences.
  47. The 4th rule and other paragraph synonymous with Lund 62r.2, 62r.3
  48. The Counter to the Bow is synonymous with Lund 62v.1, except that here Meyer added the target of striking besides his parry to the face, ad also changed last line to read: “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow”, while in the Lund he says “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow and Change.” So he omitted the word Wechsel or Changer here.
  49. It refers to the picture set at the page with the number 31.
  50. Found in Lund 63r.1 63r.2 63r.3.
  51. Above paragraph “Breaking in over the Bow” is found in Lund 63v.1. Here Meyer added schenkel (thigh), also he added another line to the next; “zum gesicht das dein versatzung hoch pleibt” The third paragraph here is not found in the Lund.
  52. First paragraph here found as last and separate para in 63v.1 Lund. Meyer changed words here on the last line of the second paragraph from hand to haft, “so that your haft remains high”.
  53. Durcken Zug = this may mean Turkish Cut. A slice using a drawing motion, usually with a curved blade.
  54. Kniebugen = crook of knee, bend of knee.
  55. These descriptions differ in wording from the Lund.
  56. Apicem id from Latin: Apex Cut or a Scalp Cut; as also used in the Lund.
  57. Possible translation of anckell: “back of head”, as the image clearly shows a strike there.
  58. Curious typographical sign.
  59. Unclear.
  60. Note: The first paragraph of Two Constrainers appears in Lund 55v.1, but it does not include second paragraph found here from left steer.
  61. This paragraph is from Lund 56r.1, but is titled there: "a Good Stuck from the Constrainer"; here Meyer calls it an “Example”.
  62. The Rose Cut's first paragraph above is found in the Lund 56r.2, but the 2nd paragraph here is not found in Lund.
  63. Feler hau description here is mostly synonymous with the Lund 50r.1, but here Meyer ends with “how it is reported in the Boch hau”, which is not found in the Lund.
  64. Synonymous with Lund 56v.3.
  65. Synonymous with Lund 57r.1.
  66. Synonymous with Lund 57r.2.
  67. Unclear.
  68. Arbeit im einlauffen from Lund 60r.2; last 3 lines do not appear in Lund. Item etc.
  69. The isolated “s” seems a mistake and not the beginning of an unfinished word.
  70. The Drivings also appear in Lund 64v.1 – 65r.1.
  71. Note this line is missing from 6th driving here, but found in Lund 65r.1: sonderlich einem starcken zum schlachtschwert, "particularly for someone who is strong with a Battlesword".
  72. Note: The handwriting appears closer together with less spacing between sentences and words, so that maybe the author had a lot to share and yet was bound to limit the page space used? Appears Crammed together more.
  73. Unclear.
  74. Unclear.
  75. This paragraph here is from Lund 76v.1.
  76. These paragraphs found in Lund 77v.1 and 78v.1. These paragraphs found in Lund Rapier prior to this poem: Drei Lauffende Stich auss dem linken Pflug von einer seitten.
  77. Paragraph found in Lund 78v.2.
  78. From Lund 79r.1.
  79. Unclear.
  80. Gleich einer Rinder = like a Rinde or Looping technique.
  81. Found in Lund 81v.2, 82r.1, and 82r.2; changed Last line of first para 81v.2, added “den undern in obern”, the lower into the upper. 82r.1 paragraph title ox and plow different: den ochsen und pflug ineinander stechen to new Den ochsen und pflug zusamen stechen. The Ox and Plow thrusting into one another, changed to Thrusting the Ox and Plow together.
  82. This paragraph found in Lund pg 81 but without para title as above and no image. Angehest changed to mogest; several other changes with word additions. Part of paragraph titled: A Deceiving.
  83. Section of translation missing. ~MCC
  84. Handwriting appears to change here, first use of umlauted a and also the lower case g are different here, overall may be a new penman. Definitely a different person's handwriting!
  85. Second and third paragraphs here are from Lund 72v.1, 72v.2 and titled there as Change.
  86. Note: This is found in Lund 73v.3.
  87. Sprungsweise translates to “by leaping” “by skipping” drei schrit = 3 steps.
  88. In the last Stuck, Meyer actually gives units of measurement i.e., 3 schrit, a shritt is an obsolete unit of measurement roughly equal to 75 cm or 29.5 inches, so that 3 schritt would equal roughly 90 inches or 7.5 feet. Meyer also uses 2 shoe lengths, and then actually uses the word Klaffter which was: “derived from the span of a man's outstretched arms and was traditionally about 1.80 meters or 5.9 feet” (Wikipedia).
  89. Unclear.
  90. Unclear.
  91. 91.0 91.1 91.2 orig. dolchen; all instances of "dagger" in this document are dolchen excepy when footnoted.
  92. orig. ararmschirleinn
  93. orig. stichen, "thrust"/"stab" (context dependent); instances of stabbing that use other verbs will be footnoted.
  94. orig. Armschiene - seemingly a part of the armour
  95. orig. geordinirtt
  96. orig. schießen; see here
  97. orig. findt
  98. orig. spis
  99. orig. schwertt
  100. orig. sebell
  101. 101.0 101.1 orig. kempff degen; it can mean either “combat sword” or “combat dagger” (Source 1, Source 2). See here for a painting with kempffdegen in its caption
  102. 102.0 102.1 orig. Anngreiffen; "attacking" or "grappling"; cf. angreifen
  103. orig. zimlich
  104. alt. "endure"
  105. Ittem has many potential meanings: "further", "likewise", "the same as", and also simply as a means of 'bullet-pointing' numerous items. I've found that "likewise" works as an apt translation most of the time, but for clarity I will leave it untranslated. See this article.
  106. orig. noch eines Idenn woll gefalen
  107. orig. Reren; cf. Rohre/Röhre
  108. orig. lest
  109. orig. Schranckenn
  110. orig. dringen/thringen; refers to pressing one's point into an opponent['s armour/mail], cf. modern sense of "pushing through a crowd". See this glossary for more information
  111. orig. donerschlag; a strike with the hilt of the longsword while holding the blade
  112. orig. vnnd las Inn vorverthobenn; messy ink makes it difficult to transcribe; possible alt. "and read above beforehand"
  113. A blunt strike, as opposed to a cut or slice. See here.
  114. orig. versezen; alt. "parrying"
  115. Unclear.
  116. orig. ansezen; most likely means "pinned", "planted" (in the sense of placing your weapon or hand against an opponent, in a grappling sense); alt. "attacking" (cf. modern ansetzen). See this glossary for more information
  117. orig. erlang
  118. see nachreissen
  119. 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 119.6 orig. stehenn; often coupled with ansezen in this section; alt. "stand against"
  120. orig. uchsen
  121. orig. Gelenck. Refers to joints in armour, but also body parts - in the context of armoured fencing, it is most likely referring to the joints in the armour
  122. orig. greifest
  123. 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 orig. brich
  124. orig. anbrichen
  125. 125.00 125.01 125.02 125.03 125.04 125.05 125.06 125.07 125.08 125.09 125.10 125.11 orig. stos
  126. orig. goch
  127. 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 127.4 127.5 127.6 orig. schlag
  128. 128.0 128.1 128.2 see absetzen
  129. orig. drissel; cf. thrissel
  130. orig. schlag dein beidt vnder dein Recht achsell. From interpretation, the word schlag here doesn't make much sense: it's possible that beidt was intended to be said or written as bindt, as in "put your grip under your right shoulder".
  131. orig. Achsell
  132. 132.0 132.1 see Ringen
  133. 133.0 133.1 see arbeiten
  134. 134.0 134.1 134.2 134.3 134.4 134.5 orig. streich, cf. schlag
  135. 135.0 135.1 135.2 135.3 135.4 135.5 135.6 135.7 orig. inndes
  136. alt. "attacks"
  137. orig. last Er dür die seitten
  138. 138.0 138.1 orig. Ring; alt. lists
  139. orig. vergesezsten
  140. 140.0 140.1 140.2 see abzucken
  141. orig. fies
  142. 142.0 142.1 see gleich
  143. unclear transcription; possibly nim, ergo "take the weight"
  144. Unclear.
  145. orig. zwerchs
  146. 146.0 146.1 orig. degen; see kempffdegen
  147. orig. hawen. A cut or slice, as opposed to a blunt strike. See see here.
  148. 148.0 148.1 148.2 orig. bickell; most likely referring to the artificial, "mason's hammer", pickaxe shape of the crossguard in armoured fencing
  149. orig. klos
  150. orig. Stuck
  151. orig. knefftiglich, interpreted as krefftiglich
  152. orig. verfelen - described earlier in 1561 as a feint whereby you wait for your opponent to react to a strike, then change the direction of the strike
  153. orig. entgehenn
  154. orig. faren/auffaren; cf. fahren
  155. originally transcribed as knefftiglich, but krefftiglich (lit. "powerfully") seems more likely, in my opinion
  156. orig. gerecht; possible mistranscription/misspelling of gemecht, lit. "groin" or "genitals"
  157. 157.0 157.1 157.2 orig. las dein bindt fahren, lit. "let your grip drive"; alt. "release your grip and drive"
  158. Possibly "hauberk"(?).
  159. 159.0 159.1 orig. ausnemen; alt. "take out [the blade with a parry]"; "deflect"(?)
  160. orig. verzoblen; cf. verzögern
  161. lit. oben hutt; contrast Oberhutt
  162. orig. heutt; possible verb form of hutt
  163. orig. überwegest
  164. 164.0 164.1 orig. schlagen. Probably means "place" in this context.
  165. orig. sez; no accompanying adposition but I assume he means ansezen
  166. listen
  167. orig. Bundtschlag, lit. "grip strike"
  168. orig. fertt
  169. orig. wie nechst
  170. orig. oder Aber fus gesicht, lit. or but foot face, possible alt. "or his foot or face"
  171. orig. wendt
  172. orig. Reüb
  173. orig. geschmidt, lit. smithed. Possibly misspelling of Geschmeidt, which means "jewellery" - perhaps slang for gemecht ("genitals)".
  174. orig. steßen
  175. orig. abgewünnen
  176. Note that he uses the word degen but seems to refer to the aforementioned "threefold" dagger, which he referred to using the word dolchen.
  177. orig. feder
  178. orig. spietzen
  179. Reference in the left margin to picture on page 61.
  180. orig. auf dz schlos am Rucken; alt. "clasp of the back"
  181. orig. Wappenrock
  182. Unclear whether die refers to the dagger or the heart, here
  183. orig. kurz halbenn; alt. "short edge"
  184. orig. concordiren
  185. This word overwrites an initial die.
  186. The first 10 lines of this paragraph are shorter of 30% than the last four, as if there is a left place here for a picture or a diagram.
  187. The second letter looks a bit like a “b” but it is nonsense. It can be also considered like a small capital “e”.
  188. The first letter corrected from “w” by cancelling the first bow of the letter.
  189. The first letter could also read as an “l", but “b” seems more probable here.
  190. The first letter corrected from “b” by overwriting.
  191. The ink is a bit blurred, particularly in the beginning of the word which results in an ambiguous reading; stucken would be more plausible in this context but does not fit with the appearance of the first couple of letters at all.
  192. The writer first wrote hawst but the “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  193. Recte: und.
  194. The writer first wrote arms but the final “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  195. The letter “s” has ben cancelled just before the word den.
  196. Above the letter “i” a large circle is drawn as it is used to mark the letter “u”.
  197. Doubling of the word seitten, considered as a mistake and corrected here as the first finished a line.
  198. Setzen has been written afterwards just under ver- and looks like a catchword; however, the following page does not start with the same word. It could be a mistake of the scribe.
  199. An abbreviation sign at the end of the word tends to signify that it should be expanded to hawen, but it has been cancelled.
  200. The “h” is writen above a “e”.
  201. Unclear reading. The word has been corrected, possibly from zu, which, however, cannot be definitely affirmed.
  202. The words und oder after this word are cancelled.
  203. At this place is a sign that commonly indicates a line break or an end of a paragraph. Here, however, the following text continues in the same line.
  204. The first letter appears to be a cancelled “t”; however the reading remains ambiguous.
  205. The end of this word, sicht is inserted below the line at the right, like a catchword. However, the following written page, fol. 23r, does not start with the same word. Could be a mistake by the scribe or a clue for a missing page.
  206. After this word a large circle is drawn and its only meaning seems to complete the line to the right and avoid a big default in the right alignment.
  207. The letter “d” is cancelled just before the “b” of this word.
  208. The initial letter “b” is written above another letter, maybe a “g”.
  209. This first two letters are written above the letter “k”.
  210. A letter “b” or “l” has been written after this word but has ben cancelled.
  211. The first letter seems to superscribe an initial “I”.
  212. The writer firstly wrote an “m” as a final letter and subsequently cancelled the last leg to get an “n”.
  213. The final letter “t” is written above the line, in replacement for a previously cancelled letter.
  214. This word is written above a previous one, which is unreadable now.
  215. The first letters are difficult to make out due to a (water?) damage.
  216. The first letter of this word has been written above another, now illegible one.
  217. A letter “h” was written in the second position to begin with but cancelled afterwards.
  218. The first letter is curiously composed, but seems to have been readen as a "v".
  219. The second letter has been canceled and corrected by "o" above the line.
  220. The original text is derholhalben derhalben, which seems to be an unnecessary repetition.
  221. Doubling of the word handt, a probable mistake as the first is written a the end of the line. Same mistake as 17r.
  222. Doubling of the words den andern, probable mistake, only it is conserved here.
  223. A lone letter "h" is writen here, perhaps a beginning for “hew”, which was finally written after the digit “4”. Corrected in this edition.
  224. This sentence can be found in the printed book: « und merck wann du zur rechten undern Blöß schlechst, es sey flech, lang oder kurtz » (plate XXIXv from the 1570 edition)
  225. The third letter “h” was cancelled by overwriting it with an “l”.
  226. The letter “a” is crossed out in the beginning of the word.
  227. The first letter was first written in lower case but was corrected with an upper-case letter.
  228. Unclear reading. It appears as if the scribe first intended to write “halber” but noticed his error in the middle of the word. The reverse may be true also.
  229. The "R." has been inserted at the end of the line afterwards.
  230. Right of this place a large blank space remains until the end of the line.
  231. The written put a "n" between sch and enckel and canceled it.
  232. Linck and seitten are reversed in the manuscript but superscribed with “1” and “2” respectively in order to indicate the correct order.
  233. Corrected from Im, the first stroke of the “m” has been cancelled.
  234. Spitz uber- is clearly copied twice, this is probably an eye-skip.
  235. Correction done on sticht by canceling the last letter.
  236. This entire paragraph is justified on the right by a vertical line, unique in the manuscript.
  237. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  238. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  239. The "st" ligature is inverted.
  240. Typo, should be "wolt, könne".
  241. Originally printed "abzutzest", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  242. Originally printed "verhauren", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  243. The "t" is inverted.
  244. Ⅲ.47v indicates that this was printed "erbangen" and needed to be corrected to "erlangen", but that's not true in any copy available for consult.
  245. Originally printed "mim", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  246. Originally printed "Higur", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  247. Originally printed "Fellen", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  248. Originally printed "gem" (with an inverted g), but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  249. Originally printed "allo", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  250. Originally printed "Atm", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  251. The first 't' is inverted.
  252. Terminal 'e' is inverted.
  253. Originally printed "bleiden", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  254. Originally printed "klnie", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  255. Originally printed "duch", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  256. The second "e" is inverted.
  257. Originally printed "fein", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  258. Originally printed "behendig ich", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  259. Misnumbered 87r.
  260. 260.00 260.01 260.02 260.03 260.04 260.05 260.06 260.07 260.08 260.09 260.10 260.11 260.12 260.13 260.14 260.15 260.16 260.17 260.18 260.19 260.20 260.21 260.22 260.23 260.24 260.25 260.26 260.27 260.28 260.29 260.30 260.31 indes
  261. palm up
  262. Illegible deletion.
  263. oberhauw
  264. ‘right’ is originally written, ‘left’ is written above it
  265. short edge
  266. “Degen”, lit. dagger, could either refer to a sword or dagger.
  267. short edge
  268. Unleserliche Streichung. Illegible deletion.
  269. Unleserliche gestrichen Einfügung oberhalb der Zeile. Crossed out illegible insertion above the line.
  270. Die Schlaufe des »h« trägt ein Diärese. The loop of the “h” carries a diaeresis.
  271. Korrigiert aus »mitelhauw«. Corrected from “mitelhauw”.
  272. Leicht unleserlich. Slightly illegible.
  273. Überschriebens »vom«. Overwritten “vom”.
  274. Inserted by means of a special mark.
  275. Word inserted next to the text.
  276. Inserted nest to the text.
  277. Zwei Worte am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Two words inserted at the margin.
  278. Wort am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Word inserted at the margin.